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Chapter 5, Chapter 8/9, Chapter 7 The Value, Use and Restoration of…

- - - - Biome ( Climate and soils, Dominant Vegetation, Dominant Animal Life, Geographic Distribution).
      - Tundra, Coniferous Forests, Temperate Forests, Tropical Dry(Deciduous) Forest, Tropical Rain Forests, Chaparral, Grasslands and Savannas, Deserts. ** REVIEW pg 105. TABLE 5-1
        
        Micro climate over all different climate in the region in which its located/ EXAMPLE s south facing slope, which receives more direct sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere, will be relatively warmer and hence drier than a north-facing slope.
  - - - Abiotic factors such as terrain, wind and type of soil create different microclimates by influencing temperature and moisture in localized areas.
- - - - Aquatic systems transfer of energy is more efficient - more cold blooded animals , and less energy is required to run the bodies.
      - Biomass in Aquatic is inverted so to speak from terrestrial systems. Shorter life cycles of the organisms at the bottom of the food chain.
        
        Pyramid (Phytoplankton producers short lived) - Zooplankton (consumers)#1 / Small fish consumer #2 / Large fish life longer consumer #3
  - - - Heterotrophs (other feeding) / consumers which eat living prey
        
        Heterotrophs ( other feeding) ? decomposers break down organic material.
        
        Max of (4) Trophic Levels
        
        Producers, First order consumer, Second order consumer, third order consumer.
        
        Biomass total combined (net dry) weight.
- - - - Primary Succession Area - lacking plants and soil (bare rock) moss forms and provides lodging for seeds to germinate. (usually after a volcanic eruption or recession of a glacier. ( this area is known as a climax forest ecosystem
        
        Secondary Succession Area- is when an area is cleared by fire, human activity or Flooding. Then after this area is left alone, plants and animals from the surrounding ecosystems may gradually reinvade the area. The major difference between Primary and Secondary succession is that secondary succession STARTS with preexisting soil.
        
        Aquatic Succession - natural secession also take place in lakes and ponds, soil particles erode from the land and settle out in the ponds or lakes, gradually filling them. Aquatic vegetation produces detritus(organic matter) that also contributes to the filling process.
        
        Fire and Succession - Fire is an abiotic factor that has a relevance to succession. This is a major form of disturbance common to terrestrial ecosystems.
        
        Fire succession cont. - Periodic ground fires are necessary to preserve the balance of pine forests. Such fires remove excessive fuel and kill competing species.
        
        Aquatic cont. the buildup continues and in time the shoreline advances toward the center and the lake eventually disappears altogether. This happens in disturbances such as droughts, floods, and erosion.
- - - - Planetary Boundaries
        
        biodiversity loss
  - - - Neolithic Revolution - The earliest fully modern humans of Europe appeared some 40,000 years ago. (About 12,000 years ago humans in the middle east began to develop animal husbandry and agriculture. The development of agriculture provided a more abundant and reliable food supply, but it was a turning point in human history for other reasons as well. Because of its profound effect, it is referred to the Neolithic Revolution.
        
        Industrial Revolution - by 1800 almost a billion people strong was on the threshold of another revolution, The industrial revolution was energized by fossil fuels - first coal, then oil and gas. These fuels allowed people to use energy from the sun that was trapped by plants long ago. This allowed humans to do work that could not have been down before relying on human power. The harnessing of this extra energy allowed people to produce more food and numerous other products. (During this revolution coal and other fossil fuels were used to power machinery, economic growth and pollution were the consequences).
        
        Medical Revolution - Smallpox, Diphtheria, measles, and scarlet fever were infectious diseases often slowing and fluctuating the population. In the late 1800's Louis Pasteur demonstrated that many diseases were caused by infectious agents and these pathogens were often transmitted via water, food, insects, and rodents. Soon vaccinations against different diseases and whole populations were immunized against such scourges. at the same time, cities and towns began treating their sewage and drinking water. Later in 1930's Penicillin was discovered. In short improvements in nutrition, medicine, and sanitation brought on spectacular reductions in mortality and the population began to growing exponentially.
        
        The Green Revolution - The development of chemicals pesticides in WWII, along with an increase in irrigation and fertilizer use, dramatically increased crop yields. These advances in agriculture increased crop yields dramatically and allowed many countries to provide food for there rapidly growing populations. This industrialized agriculture came at a significant cost, allowed people to use resources, particularly soil and underground water, more rapidly than they were replaced, leading to an increase in soil and water pollution and the loss of native plants varieties. The over use of pesticides resulted in pesticide resistance,
        
        The Newest Revolution - Internet, computers, nanotechnology, robotics and solar and other technologies. Many of these can be put to use in what some hope will be a real "green" revolution --- an Environmental Revolution. Regional planning, urban, policy and industrial changes and the personal decisions of billions of people will be required to drive this revolution. Humans are part of natural ecosystems, but they are different enough from other organisms to make their population ecology global and to allow them to change their world extensively. They have characteristics of both r and k strategists. We see the J- shaped curve for human population growth because, at different times in history, we have increased the number of people the world can support by changing the way we do things. Our past growth might seem to suggest that natural laws do not apply to humans... do the concepts of carrying capacity and limits apply to the us ?
        
        BLUE REVOLUTION !!!
- - - - Cultural services - comprise nonmaterial benefits people gain from ecosystems, including spiritual enrichment, knowledge, and aesthetic enjoyment.
        
        Ecosystems provide services that maintain themselves, such as photosynthesis. These are called supporting services.
  - - - Future Pressures - human population growth, more food, more wood, more water, more fisheries, the sustainable exploitation of ecosystem capital will become more difficult.
- - - - Clear cutting - all trees and vegetation completely removed. Leads to simplification, fragmentation, alteration in hydrology, also erosion issues to name a few.
- - - - Preservation - More strict to ensure ecosystem capital
  - - - The OPTIMAL POPULATION for harvesting (MSY) is just halfway to the carrying capacity.
        
        Precautionary Principle - is where there is uncertainty, resource manager must favor the protection of the living resource. Thus, exploitation limits must be set well enough below the maximum sustainable yield to allow for for uncertainties.
- - - - Aquaculture is growing in developing nations.
- - - - National Forests in the United States are administered by a number of government agencies, primarily the Forest Service and the Burea of Land Management
        
        Non federal Lands (1961-2014, voters in NJ protected 1.2 million acres of open space through public funding. (private land trusts).
- - - - From this perspective, the biota found in each country can represent a major component of the country's total wealth. // More broadly, this richness of living species constitutes Earth's biodiversity.
  - - - Another strategy for preserving all wild species is the emphasize the intrinsic value of species rather than their unknown or uncertain ecological and economic values. From this view point, the extinction of any species is an irretrievable loss of something valuable
- - - - Invasive Species - an exotic, or alien, species is one that is introduced into an area from somewhere else, often a different continent. And this alien species finds the new environment to be very favorable, thriving, spreading out and perhaps eliminating native species. (accidental introductions, and deliberate introductions are sometime sanctioned.
      - Pollution - Example (phosphorus and nitrogen) that travel down the Mississippi River from the agricultural heartland creating "dead zones" in the Guld of Mexico. where oxygen completely disappears from depths below 20 meters every summer, killing shrimp, fish, crabs and other commercially valuable sea life.
      - Population - Human population growth puts stress on wild species - through direct use, conversion of habitats, through pollution, and through having to compete for resources with the growing population.
      - Overexploitation - is the overharvest of a particular species. Example removing whales, fish, or tress faster than they can reproduce will lead to there ultimate extinction. Driven by greed, ignorance and desperation. // Poor resource management often leads to a loss of biodiversity. Overcutting a forest for firewood, grasslands overgrazed, game species overhunted, fisheries over fished.
  - - - Invasive Species
        
        Pollution
        
        Population
        
        Overexploitation
- - - - Recreational and Aesthetic Value : Example sportfishing, and hunting to hiking, camping birdwatching, photography, and more.
      - Ecotourism - whereby tourists visit a place in order to observe wild species or unique ecological sites, represents the largest foreign exchange in many devolving countries.
    - - The Land Ethic - Leopold describes his viewpoint: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise"