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The Emerging Adulthood, Dialetical Thought - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The years from 18 to 30 are typically prime for high energy, hard physical work, and safer reproduction.
      - This is when muscles grow, bones strengthen, and body shape changes, and when body systems function optimaly.
  - - - A third of all emerging adults sleep less than 7 hours recommended by sleep specialists.
      - Insufficient sleep can increase appetite, weight, depression, and accidents, while it decreases energy, alertness, health, and life expectancy.
      - Inadequate sleep increases the likelihood of high blood pressure, obesity, diabtes, and premature death over the years.
      - Research from Norway indicates that 21% of young adults (20-29 years old) experience habitual daytime tiredness and nighttime insomnia.
      - College students are particularly vulnerable, with 28% experiencing insomnia.
      - A study in Australia found that 42% of 22-year-olds had sleep problems.
    - - Emerging adults are at their peak physical performance in most sports, particularly those emphasizing power rather than endurance.
      - Many emerging adults are quite active, engaging in activities like climbing stairs, weight training, jogging, yoga, team sports, biking, hiking, and swimming, which benefits them in the long run.
      - Those who were the least fit at the first assessment were four times more likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age.
      - Any movement--gardening, housework, walking--helps. Brisk walking is good, more intense exercise is better, and adding muscle-strengthening exercise is best.
    - - Maintaining a healthy weight involves avoiding both overeating and undereating, and emerging adulthood is a critical period for disordered eating behaviors.
      - Factors like sleep and exercise are crucial for fighting the "freshman 15."
      - Many college students find that living away from home correlates with weight gain, potenitally increasing the risk of later health problems.
      - Some modern emerging adults spend excessive time sitting and studying while consuming salty or sugary snacks to alleviate stress.
    - - Emerging adults (18-25) tend to avoid doctors and postponse vaccinations
      - The average to 18-to-25 year-old in the United States sees a health professional only once a year, and that incldues those who are pregnant or injured.
      - In 2016, approximately one in four emerging adults had not seen a health professional in either an office or hospital.
      - Less than one-third of 18-to-45-year-olds get an annual flu shot.
    - - Each body was a natural set point, where weight and height are in proportion, indicated by the body mass index (BMI).
      - Obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or higher.
      - Obesity is more common in middle age than in emerging adulthood.
      - College and emerging adulthood can increase the risk of disordered eating.
    - - Common risky behaviors among emerging adults include unprotected sex, driving without a seat belt, carrying a loaded gun, and abusing drugs.
      - These all elevate the risk of death.
    - - The cumulative effect of factors like lack of sleep, drug use, inactivity, and unhealthy eating leads to an allostatic load, which can weigh down health in middle age.
      - Prolonged sitting is linked to almost every chronic illness.
    - - Bulimia Nervosa: Individuals compulsively overeat, consuming thousands of calories in a short period, and then purge through vomiting or laxatives.
      - Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by obsessively avoiding food, excessive exercise, and a distorted belief of being overweight even when severely thin.
        
        A BMI below 17 indicates mild anorexia, while BMI below 15 indicates an extreme case.
      - Binge Eating Disorder: Involves periodically and compulsively overeating large amounts of food quickly, leading to feelings of shame and secretive bingering.
  - - - Erotic responses are joyful.
      - Fertility is optimal.
      - The sex drive is powerful.
      - Miscarriage is less common.
      - Orgasams are frequent.
      - Serious birth complications are unusual.
    - - The advent of effective contraception has facilitated a sexual revolution, widely embraced by young adults who no longer view premartial sex as a mornal concern.
      - The world's 2020 birth rate for people younger than 25 is about half of what it was in 1965, and in the United States, it is down by three-fourths.
    - - The differing standards of sexual behavior for men and women, with women traditionally expected to be more reserved than men.
      - While diminished, elements of the double standard persist today.
      - Other aspects of sex and family formation influenced by cohort morality include
        
        Abortion
        
        Extramarital sex
        
        Divorce
        
        Single parenthood
        
        Polygamy
    - - The acceptance of "casual sex" has led to the rise of the "hookup," which may involve less intimate sexual activity between people who do not know each other well.
      - Older adults and many emerging adults often disapprove of hookups, especially when evaluating a woman's behavior. Women are also more likely to regret participating in a hookup.
    - - The rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is increasing among unmarried people in their 20s. The proliferation of HIV/AIDS is particularly tragic.
      - The lack of prevention and early treatment for STIs has tragic consequences, including unawareness, rapid speed, and long-term health issues.
      - Emerging adults often hesitate to seek medical attention, and many STIs are asymptomatic initially, leading individuals to self-treat symptoms and unknowingly spread infections.
    - - Unexpected pregnancy can lead to abortion or the birth of an unwanted child. Effective contraception requires planning.
      - The most effective contraception methods (implants, IUDs) have a low failure rate but require anticipating a sexual future, seeing a doctor, and an initial cost.
    - - Cohort Comparisons: Approval of premarital sex decreases with age, demonstrating a negative correlation.
      - Income: A U.S. study found an age difference in the link between low income and lack of contraception. Poverty correlates more the contraception for those over 30 than for emerging adults.
      - Culture: Attitudes have made STIs more problematic in the United States than elsewhere.
    - - The best time to learn about preventing sexually transmitted infections is before any activity occurs.
      - HPV inoculation at age 11 or 12 prevents most cases of HPV. In some nations, notably Australia, high vaccination rates have already substantially reduced cancer deaths.
      - A study in Finland showed that when offered free, long-acting contraception, young women increased its use.
  - - - Psychological factors: A desire for experiences and a sense of invincibility can contribute to risk-taking.
      - Social factors: Peer influence and cultural norms can also play a role in risky behavior.
      - Biological factors: Emerging adulthood is characterized by peak physical condition and high energy levels, which may encourage adventurous activities.
    - - Extreme Sports: Activities like skydiving, bungee jumping, rock climbing, and waterfall kayaking are popular among emerging adults seeking thrills. The lecture notes mention Travis Pastrana, an "extreme sports renaissance man," as an example of someone who engages in high-risk activities.
      - Substance Use: Drug abuse, including the use of both legal and illegal substances in harmful ways, is a significant concern.
      - Unprotected Sex: Engaging in sexual activity without using protection increases the risk of STIs and unexpected pregnancies.
      - Dangerous Driving: This includes behaviors like driving without a seat belt or carrying a loaded gun in a vehicle.
      - Risky Social Behaviors: This can include things like moving to a new place, enlisting in the military, or volunteering in a loew-income community.
    - - Accidents and Injuries: Emerging adults have a higher rate of accidents compared to other age groups. This age group accidents caused 40% of these deaths.
      - Health Risks: Risky behaviors can lead to STIs, unplanned pregnancies, and long-term health issues.
      - Mortality: Fatal accidents, homicide, and suicide are major causes among emerging adults.
      - Addiction: Drug abuse can lead to addiction, which has serious physical, cognitive, and psychosocial consequences.
      - Personal Growth: The willingness to take chances can lead to the new experiences and opportunities for personal growth,
    - - Education: Providing information about the risk associated with certain behaviors can help emerging adults make informed decisions.
      - Prevention Programs: Implementing programs that address risky behaviors and promote healthy choices can be effective in reducing negative outcomes.
      - Healthcare Access: Ensuring access to healthcare services, including STI testing and treatment, is crucial for protecting the health of emerging adults.
      - Laws and Regulations: Implementing laws that require helmets for motorcyclists, seat belts for drivers, and permits for gun purchases can help reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
- - - - Mutual Choice: Chosen for loyalty, trustworthiness, support, and enjoyability.
      - Self-Expansion: Friends enlarge understanding through empathy and shared experiences
      - Patterns
        
        More friends in emerging adulthood than later periods
        
        Use of social media to extend and deepen relationships
        
        Friendships with same-gender or another gender
    - - Continured Parental Support
        
        Material (laundry, moving, home repairs, childcare)
        
        Financial (cash, tuition, medical care, food)
        
        Emotional support
      - Reciprocal Relationships
        
        Emerging adults and parents influence each other.
        
        Intergenerational congruence (agreement on controversial issues)
      - Potential Issues
        
        Fear of "failure to launch"
        
        Helicopter/Snowplow Parents: Overprotective behaviors
    - - Loneliness Paradox: High rates despite having many friends
      - Impact of COVID-19
        
        Exacerbated loneliness due to disruption of social connections
        
        In-person connections correlate with happiness; virtual connections do not
    - - Importance of Social Connections: Vital for avoiding isolation
      - Sacrifice and Vulnerability: Necessary for ongoing relationships
      - Impact of Isolation: Can lead to self-absorption and poor mental/physical health
  - - - Passion: Intense physical, cognitive, and emotional excitement.
        
        Hormones and neurons activation
        
        Ectasy and euphoria
        
        Obsession
      - Intimacy: Knowing someone well and sharing secrets.
        
        Gradual revealing and accepting.
      - Commitment: Decisions to be together.
        
        Shared possessions.
        
        Forgiveness.
        
        Mutual caregiving
      - Forms of Love
        
        Liking (Intimacy)
        
        Infatuation (Passion)
        
        Empty Love (Commitment)
        
        Romantic Love (Passion + Intimacy)
        
        Fatuous Love (Passion + Commitment)
        
        Companionate (Intimacy + Commitment)
        
        Consummate (Passion + Intimacy + Commitment)
    - - College, Work, Dating Apps: Numerous options for potential partners.
      - Choice Overload: Too many options lead to indecisions and regret
        
        Inability to Choose
        
        Second Thoughts
      - Seeking Traits: Appearance, age, habits, values.
      - Successful Relationships: Require connections beyond a checklist.
    - - Casual sexual encounter without expectation of a committed relationship.
      - Motivation
        
        Pleasure
      - Superficial Interactions: Kissing and petting.
      - Consequences
        
        Hope for friendship but feeling lonely.
        
        No psychic consequences is an illusion.
    - - Living together without marriage.
      - Increased Prevalence
        
        Three of every four couples in the U.S.
        
        Also, throughout Europe,
      - Reasons for Increase
        
        Changing marriage laws.
        
        Contraception
        
        Female independence.
        
        Economic factors
        
        COVID-19
    - - A range of behaviors aimed at controlling or intimidating a partner, not just physical harm.
      - Forms
        
        Situational Couple Violence: Mutual aggression, followed by a target.
        
        Intimate Terrorism: Power imbalance, a dominant abuser controlling a passive victim.
      - Factors Contributing
        
        Destructive coping methods
        
        Substance Abuse
        
        Childhood experiences of abuse.
        
        Conflicting understandings of gender roles
      - Intervention
        
        Separating victim from abuser (in cases of intimate terrorism)
        
        Understanding relationship dynamics
    - - Friendships
        
        Women share weaknesses and problems, seeking empathy
        
        Men share activities and interests, discussing external matters
      - Sexual Interactions
        
        "Friends with benefits" relationships
        
        Emerging adults have cross-gender relationships that are neither hookups nor preludes to marriage
- - - - COmplexity and Contradiction: Postformal thought embraces complexity and contradiction, unlike earlier stages of cognitive development.
      - Accepting Paradox: Postformal thinkers accept paradoxes rather than denying or avoiding them.
      - Practicality and Creativity: It is practical and creative, enabling more effective problem-solving and flexibility in thinking while also shedding stereotypes.
    - - Reducing Prejudice: Postformal thought can be applied to reduce prejudice by encouraging reflection and deep processing of information.
        
        For instance, an experiment demonstrated the use of postformal thought to reduce transphobia by encouraging voters to discuss their experiences with marginalization and how they might relate to transgender people.
      - Real-World Problem-Solving: It is useful for complex, real-world problem-solving, especially when dealing with diverse needs and perspectives.
        
        The image in the notes of healthcare professionals providing free medical care at a Buddhist temple exemplifies this.
    - - Intermarriage: Emerging adults are marrying later and across their ethnic or religious lines, demonstrating cognitive flexibility and moving beyond childhood culture or traditional norms.
      - Cognitive Benefits: Close relationships benefit from the postformal combination of emotion and logic.
    - - Dynamic Systems: Challenges and surprises foster learning, as individuals engage in dialectical thinking to arrive at new syntheses and gain more profound insights.
      - Accepting Imperfections: Adult cognition includes the capacity to accept imperfections within oneself, one's family, and even one's nation.
    - - Incorporating Personal Experiences: Integrating students' personal experiences into the curriculum can enhance learning and understanding.
    - - Culture Differences: Cultural background can influence cognitive processing, with some cultures more inclined to seek compromise and harmony.
    - - Card Task: A classic puzzle illustrates the difficulty many people have with divergent, dialectical thinking, highlighting the importance of experience and learning from others.
  - - - Each new synthesis deepens and refines the thesis and antithesis that initated it;
    - - Dialectical thinking can be used as a tool to help adults come to terms with and find solutions to increasingly complex problems.
    - - Thesis: College benefits everyone.
      - Antithesis: College benefits no one.
      - Synthesis: The benefits of college are not automatic, but a degree benefits most students of all backgrounds. Indeed, those most likely to benefit are those from low-SES homes who, against the odds, earn a college degree.
  - - - Fowler's Stage of Faith: James Fowler developed a sequence of six stages of faith, building on Piaget's and Kohlberg's stages, focusing on the development of faith and spirituality.
        
        Stage 0: Undifferentiated faith.
        
        Stage 1: Intuitive-projective faith.
        
        Stage 2: Mythic-literal faith.
        
        Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional faith.
        
        Stage 4: Individuative-reflective faith.
        
        Stage 5: Conjunctive faith.
        
        Stage 6: Universalizing faith.
      - Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
        
        Stage 1: Preconventional
        
        Stage 3: Postconventional
        
        Stage 2: Conventional
      - Influences and Considerations
        
        Cognitive Growth: Moral thinking gains importance in adulthood, influenced by higher education and life experiences.
        
        Emotional and Cultural Factors: Emotions and cultural backgrounds significantly influence moral judgments and priorities.
        
        Religious Attendance: Religious attendance can be indicator or moral convictions.
        
        Moral Principles and Values: Moral principles and values, such as harm, freedom, purity, authority, and fairness, can influence individual decisions.
      - Additional Insights
        
        Age and Self-Centeredness: Generally, with maturity, adults become less self-centered.
        
        The Judgment-Action Gap: The "judgment-action gap" explores why moral cognition doesn''t always lead to moral actions.
    - - Shift in Adulthood: In adulthood, ethics become a guide to relationships, child-rearing, financial decisions, and religious beliefs, moving beyond theoretical debates.
      - Kohlberg's Moral Dilemmas: Lawrence Kohlberg proposed moral dilemmas to assess moral thinking but was criticized for potentially being unfair and cumbersome.
      - Defining Issues Test (DIT): James Rest developed the Defining Issues Test (DIT) as quicker measure, presenting individuals to prioritize diferent considerations.
        
        DIT scores correlate with professional behavior, political engagement, and overall life conduct.
      - Moral Foundations: Jonathan Haidt's research suggests that adults have five moral foundations that vary in importance across cultures.
        
        Care for others; harm no one.
        
        Promote freedom; avoid oppression.
        
        Be fair; do not cheart.
        
        Seek purity; avoid contamination.
        
        Respect authority; do not break religious rules.
  - - - Positive Outcomes: Higher education correlates with various positive outcomes, including happier marriages, stronger teeth, spacious homes, longer lives, healthier children, and efficient digestive systems.
      - Health, Wealth, and Civic Engagement: Higher education enhances health, wealth, and civic engagement globally. College graduates outperform high school graduates, who in turn, outperform those without a high school diploma.
      - Healthier Children: A study across 62 low-income nations showed that educated women had healthier, taller, and better-educated children compared to their less-educated sisters.
      - Economic Returns: Investing in college education yields a return of over five times the initial expense.
    - - Accessibility: Massification is the idea that college should be available for all.
      - Federal Legislation: It began with federal legislation establishing land-grant colleges in every state, starting with Iowa in 1864.
      - Publicly Supported Universities: Every U.S. state has a publicly supported university and a network of community colleges, four-year colleges, and graduate programs.
      - Increased Ethnic Diversity: The ethnic identity of current college students more closely resembles the ethnic makeup of the emerging-adult population, with more women now earning college degrees.
    - - US vs. The World: The United States is no longer the country with the highest percentage of college graduates. Several OECD countries have higher rates of students earning bachelor's and master's degrees.
      - China's Educational Expansion: China significantly expanded its higher education system, becoming a major player in global education.
      - Free College in Other Countries: Many nations invest heavily in colleges, offering free tuition to qualified students, such as in China.
    - - Government Subsidies vs. Private Funding: The United States provides some government subsidies, but private institutions rely on tuition and donations, while public colleges charge substantial tuition.
      - Student Loans and Default Rates: A significant portion of U.S. adults attending college take out loans, with high interest rates and a notable default rate.
      - For-Profit Colleges vs. Non-Profit: Rates of loans and defaults are highest for students at for-profit colleges, which often provide inferior education.
    - - Critical Thinking and Postformal Thought: College advances critical thinking and postformal thought.
      - Perry's Stages: Students develop greater intellectual flexibility as they progress through college, moving from dualism to multiplicity and relativism.
        
        Dualism: Initially, students see the world in dualistic terms (right or wrong).
        
        Multiplicity and Relativism: Students learn that many perspectives are possible and that almost nothing is totally and forever right or wrong.
    - - Drug Use: Some students cope with the stress of college by taking drugs, including "smart drugs," which have limited cognitive benefits and potential risks.
      - Mental Health Issues: Studies have found high rates of anxiety and depression among college students.
      - Income Gap: The income gap between college graduates and others may influence decisions to avoid college.
      - Socioeconomic Status: Family socioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of whether someone will earn a college degree.