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Race Studies, W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, Law &…

- - - - Slavery
        
        Matthew Desmond
        American Capitalism
        
        The United States runs on low-road capitalism: the economic system that pushes for low wages, encouragement through punishment, and widespread poverty.
        
        Only 10% of Americans belong to trade unions.
        
        Chattel slavery is the ultimate form of low-road capitalism, and is largely the source of the United States' socioeconomic disparities.
        
        "Today modern technology has facilitated unremitting workplace supervision... Companies have developed software that records workers' keystrokes and mouse clicks, along with randomly capturing screenshots multiple times a day... But it's only the technology that's new. The core impulse behind that technology pervaded plantations, which sought innermost control over the bodies of their enslaved workforce" (Desmond).
        
        Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin as a criticism of this system.
        
        While Uncle Tom's Cabin was extremely important, being the source of much abolitionist sentiment among whites, it also created new stereotypes that were adopted and used as propaganda in the 19th and 20th centuries.
        "Uncle Tom" in particular has become a character that's seen as a bootlick, someone who's been assimilated and refuses to push back against racist systems.
        
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        Uncle Tom's Cabin is a fictitious work, criticizing slavery through the mistreatment of a "good, Christian" slave by un-Christian slave owners.
        
        Mortgages began when slaves had records of their worth kept and were used as collateral for loans.
        
        Mortgages and debt were used for the seizure of indigenous land.
  - - - This legislation is all justified by the "social contract" theory, which gave European colonizers a reason to take over and administer "uncivilized" lands.
      - Racism has, in theory, been dealt with. However, economic systems continue to operate as if it hadn't.
      - "...the general purpose of the Contract is always the differential privileging of the whites as a group with respect to the nonwhites as a group, the exploitation of their bodies, land, and resources, and the denial of socioeconomic opportunities to them" (Mills 11).
  - - - Colonies refused sovereignty and self-governance because they "weren't ready" - Sylvia Wynter
    - - "In their dominant logical form, institutions are predicated principally on instituting, operating, and (re)producing homogeneity. If the state minimally is a collection of institutions... then one could say that the state inherently is the institutionalization of homogeneity" (Goldberg 30).
- - - - Assimilation gave way to integration during the Civil Rights Era, giving races control over their own cultures and practices.
        
        However, this not only contains resistance to racist systems, but it also allows discrimination to persist within those integrated communities.
        
        Integration eventually gives way to incorporation, which in theory synthesizes the majority & minority cultures to form a new whole.
        
        "Incorporation undermines the grounds of integration and marginalization, for it empowers those once marginalized... It extends transformative power... to undermine and alter from within the... cultural dominant" (Goldberg 220).
      - "Blending into the mainstream melting pot meant renouncing... one's subjectivity, who one literally was: in name, in culture, and as far as possible in color" (Goldberg 219).
- - - - Work and Finances
        
        Anibal Quijano
        Coloniality of Power
        
        Capitalist divisions of labor are racialized.
        
        "The other form of... unpaid labor, slavery, was assigned solely to the 'black' population brought from Africa" (Quijano 538-539).
        
        Colonization and slavery brought about an unprecedented control of culture and labor, leading to:
        
        Control of labor
        
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        Control of sexuality
        
        Control of violence
        
        Control of education
        
        Control of land
        
        Geographic and military advantages led to a Eurocentric colonial and postcolonial world
        
        K-Sue Park
        Money, Mortgages, and the Conquest of America
        
        "Contact Economies," those markets that occur when different groups with different principles trade with one another, have helped determine the political, economic, and social dynamics in American territory.
        
        Land was a vital asset, highly valued by European settlers, and it's still used as a method of barter, trade, and racial control today.
        
        Differences in culture became key to predatory practices that denied indigenous Americans their best possible monetary gains.
        
        "The value that European money did not have to indigenous people was key. In just one example... an English trader who had recently paid six shillings and eight pence for a seed corn, which he had traded for beaver skins that netted him a profit of £327..." (Park 1020).
        
        Gaming
        
        Kevin Bruyneel
        The Third Space of Sovereignty
        
        The harnessing of economic power through gambling allowed for Native American tribes to have political power, as well
        
        New forms of anti-tribal sentiment ensue, centered around the issue of gambling.
        
        Inverted Colonial Discourse:
        The fear that Native American groups will gain too much political and economic power, allowing them to reverse colonize America.
        
        Anti-Tribalism calls for the destruction of reservations and tribal governments, putting them under the control and exploitation of states.
        
        Reservations and the casinos on them are exempt from state taxation.
        
        Legal battles over whether or not indigenous groups can have state tax-exempt casinos ensued as a method to control Indigenous economic growth.
        
        Native Americans were allowed to operate Class 3 gambling.