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Lecture 13: Urbanization - Coggle Diagram

- - - - converts degraded land into a climate-resilient community using green roofs, bioswales, and water-retention systems.
        
        Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution.
  - - - Green roofs alter energy flows by absorbing solar radiation and sequestering carbon, while urban sprawl (e.g., quarries turned into communities) redirects water and nutrient cycles.
    - - modular construction reduces waste, while green spaces support pollinator populations, enhancing ecological stability.
    - - Hong Kong’s high-density context drives unique solutions (e.g., vertical greening), contrasting with low-density cities
  - - - Addition of habitat
        
        Creating new areas, such as parks, green spaces, or wildlife corridors, that provide homes and resources for diverse species
      - Sensitive landscaping
        
        Designing landscapes that respect and enhance natural ecosystems, often by using native plants and minimizing disruption to existing habitats
      - Ecology reconciliation
        
        ntegrating ecological principles into urban planning to harmonize human development with natural processes.
    - - Remediation
        
        Cleaning up contaminated or polluted sites—such as soil or water—to restore their health and functionality.
      - Ecological design
        
        Designing built environments that mimic the structure and function of natural ecosystems
      - Revegetation
        
        Planting native vegetation in degraded areas to restore landscapes and provide habitat for wildlife
    - - Green roof/walls
        
        Incorporating vegetation into building structures, such as plant-covered roofs or vertical gardens.
      - Ecological corridors
        
        Creating strips of natural habitat that connect fragmented ecosystems, allowing wildlife to move, migrate, and access resources. Examples include green bridges or tree-lined pathways linking parks.
      - Green construction
    - - Create greenbelts
        
        Establishing protected natural areas around urban developments to preserve habitats and prevent uncontrolled urban spraw
      - Define building zones
        
        mplementing zoning regulations that restrict development in ecologically sensitive areas, such as wetlands or forests.
      - Increase protected areas
        
        Expanding the network of legally protected natural spaces, such as national parks or wildlife reserves
- - - - Urban areas support more individuals per unit area due to abundant food and shelter
    - - Cities provide better wintering conditions, such as warmer temperatures and food availability, reducing the need for migration. This is linked to the urban heat island effect, which extends habitable conditions
    - - Consistent food supplies and milder urban climates, influenced by the urban heat island effect, allow for extended breeding periods.
    - - Improved survival rates, especially in winter, due to favorable conditions like access to food and shelter
    - - Artificial lighting in cities extends active periods, allowing animals to forage or be active longer
  - - - Urban ecosystems are more prone to disturbances, such as land use changes, leading to less consistent ecological communities
    - - Highly variable across time and space due to human activities, with fragmented landscapes and dynamic interactions
    - - Urban areas often introduce nonnative species, which can disrupt local ecosystems
    - - with fewer specialist species and more generalists, reflecting urban pressures
    - - Different energy flows due to human-provided food, altered predator-prey relationships