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geography - Coggle Diagram
geography
The changing economic world
There are global variations in economic development and quality of life.
Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of economic development and quality of life.
Different economic and social measures of development: gross national income (GNI) per head, birth and death rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water, Human Development Index (HDI).
Limitations of economic and social measures.
Link between stages of the Demographic Transition Model and the level of development.
Causes of uneven development: physical, economic and historical.
Consequences of uneven development: disparities in wealth and health, international migration .
Various strategies exist for reducing the global development gap.
An overview of the strategies used to reduce the development gap: investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, using intermediate technology, fairtrade, debt relief, microfinance loans.An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development gap.
Some LICs and NEEs are experiencing rapid economic development which leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change.
A case study of one LIC or NEE to illustrate:
the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population.
the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development. Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country
the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world
the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally
the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed
international aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country
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Urban change in cities in the UK leads to a variety of social, economic and environmental opportunities and challenges.
Overview of the distribution of population and the major cities in the UK.
environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal
the location and importance of the city in the UK and the wider world
social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems
how urban change has created opportunities:
impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city
environmental: urban greening
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Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport.
How urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion.
Features of sustainable urban living:
creating green space.
water and energy conservation
waste recycling
The challenge of natural hazards
Natural hazards
definition of a natural disaster
a naturally occurring event, such as an earthquake, flood, or storm, that poses a risk to people, property, or the environment.
influences of hazard risks
population density, level of development, urbanization, land use, and climate change.
types of natural hazards
The two main types of natural hazards are tectonic and climatic.
Tectonic hazards
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are the result of physical processes.
To learn:
Physical processes taking place at different types of plate margin (constructive, destructive and conservative) that lead to earthquakes and volcanic activity.
The effects of a tectonic hazard vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth.
To learn
: Primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth.
see Tectonic Hazards (one drive and then into the Geo folder)
Management can reduce the effects of a tectonic hazard .
To learn:
Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard.
Weather hazards
Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate.
General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface winds.
Tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons) develop as a result of particular physical conditions.
Global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons).
An understanding of the relationship between tropical storms and general atmospheric circulation.
Causes of tropical storms and the sequence of their formation and development.
How climate change might affect the distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms.The structure and features of a tropical storm.
Tropical storms have significant effects on people and the environment .
Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms and immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms.
Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses and how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms.
The UK is affected by a number of weather hazards.
An overview of types of weather hazard experienced in the UK.
Extreme weather events in the UK have impacts on human activity.
An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate:
social, economic and environmental impacts
how management strategies can reduce risk.
Evidence that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK.
Climate change
Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects .
Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present da
natural factors – orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output
human factors – use of fossil fuels, agriculture and deforestation.
Overview of the effects of climate change on people and the environment.
Possible causes of climate change:
Managing climate change involves both mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (responding to change).
Managing climate change:
mitigation – alternative energy production, carbon capture, planting trees, international agreements
adaptation – change in agricultural systems, managing water supply, reducing risk from rising sea levels.
The living world
Ecosystems
Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and abiotic components.
An example of a small scale UK ecosystem to illustrate the concept of interrelationships within a natural system.
An overview of the distribution and characteristics of large scale natural global ecosystems.
The balance between components. The impact on the ecosystem of changing one component.
An understanding of producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web and nutrient cycling.
Tropical rainforests
Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics.
The physical characteristics of a tropical rainforest.
The interdependence of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people.
How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions. Issues related to biodiversity
Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts.
Causes of deforestation – subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building, mineral extraction, energy development, settlement, population growth
A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate:
Changing rates of deforestation
impacts of deforestation – economic development , soil erosion, contribution to climate change.
Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable
Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably – selective logging and replanting, conservation and education, ecotourism and international agreements about the use of tropical hardwoods, debt reduction.
Value of tropical rainforests to people and the environment.
Hot deserts
Hot desert ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics.
The physical characteristics of a hot desert.The interdependence of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people.
How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions.
Issues related to biodiversity.
Development of hot desert environments creates opportunities and challenges.
A case study of a hot desert to illustrate:
development opportunities in hot desert environments: mineral extraction, energy, farming, tourism
challenges of developing hot desert environments: extreme temperatures, water supply, inaccessibility
Areas on the fringe of hot deserts are at risk of desertification.
Causes of desertification – climate change, population growth, removal of fuel wood, overgrazing, over-cultivation and soil erosion.
Strategies used to reduce the risk of desertification – water and soil management, tree planting and use of appropriate technology.
Cold environments
Cold environments (polar and tundra) have a range of distinctive characteristics.
The physical characteristics of a cold environment. The interdependence of climate, permafrost, soils, plants, animals and people.
How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions.Issues related to biodiversity.
Development of cold environments creates opportunities and challenges.
A case study of a cold environment to illustrate:
development opportunities in cold environments: mineral extraction, energy, fishing and tourism
challenges of developing cold environments: extreme temperature, inaccessibility, provision of buildings and infrastructure.
Cold environments are at risk from economic development.
The value of cold environments as wilderness areas and why these fragile environments should be protected.
Strategies used to balance the needs of economic development and conservation in cold environments – use of technology, role of governments, international agreements and conservation groups.
Physical landscapes in the UK
UK physical landscapes
The UK has a range of diverse landscapes.
An overview of the location of major upland/lowland areas and river systems.
Coastal landscapes in the UK
The coast is shaped by a number of physical processes.
Wave types and characteristics.
weathering processes – mechanical, chemical
mass movement – sliding, slumping and rock falls
erosion – hydraulic power, abrasion and attrition
transportation – longshore drift
deposition – why sediment is deposited in coastal areas.
Coastal processes
Distinctive coastal landforms are the result of rock type, structure and physical processes.
How geological structure and rock type influence coastal forms.Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion – headlands and bays, cliffs and wave cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition – beaches, sand dunes, spits and bars.An example of a section of coastline in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
Different management strategies can be used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes.
The costs and benefits of the following management strategies:
hard engineering – sea walls, rock armour, gabions and groynes
soft engineering – beach nourishment and reprofiling, dune regeneration
managed retreat – coastal realignment.
An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show:
the reasons for management
the management strategy
the resulting effects and conflicts.
River landscapes in the UK
The shape of river valleys changes as rivers flow downstream.
The long profile and changing cross profile of a river and its valley
Fluvial processes:
erosion – hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution, vertical and lateral erosion
deposition – why rivers deposit sediment.
transportation – traction, saltation, suspension and solution
Distinctive fluvial landforms result from different physical processes.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion – interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges.Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion and deposition – meanders and ox-bow lakes.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition – levées, flood plains and estuaries.An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
Different management strategies can be used to protect river landscapes from the effects of flooding.
How physical and human factors affect the flood risk – precipitation, geology, relief and land use.
The use of hydrographs to show the relationship between precipitation and discharge.
hard engineering – dams and reservoirs, straightening, embankments, flood relief channels
soft engineering – flood warnings and preparation, flood plain zoning, planting trees and river restoration .
An example of a flood management scheme in the UK to show:
why the scheme was required
the management strategy
the social, economic and environmental issues.
Glacial landscapes in the UK
Ice was a powerful force in shaping the physical landscape of the UK.
Maximum extent of ice cover across the UK during the last ice age.
freeze-thaw weathering
erosion – abrasion and plucking
movement and transportation – rotational slip and bulldozing
deposition – why glaciers deposit sediment (till and outwash).
Distinctive glacial landforms result from different physical processes.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion – corries, arêtes, pyramidal peaks, truncated spurs, glacial troughs, ribbon lakes and hanging valleys.
Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from transportation and deposition – erratics, drumlins, types of moraine.
An example of an upland area in the UK affected by glaciation to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
Glaciated upland areas provide opportunities for different economic activities, and management strategies can be used to reduce land use conflicts.
An example of a glaciated upland area in the UK used for tourism to show:
An overview of economic activities in glaciated upland areas – tourism, farming, forestry and quarrying.
Conflicts between different land uses, and between development and conservation.
the attractions for tourists
social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism
strategies used to manage the impact of tourism.
Urban issues and challenges
A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas.
Factors affecting the rate of urbanisation – migration (push–pull theory), natural increase.
The global pattern of urban change.
The emergence of megacities.
An example of an urban regeneration project to show:
Urban growth creates opportunities and challenges for cities in LICs and NEEs .
case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate:
causes of growth: natural increase and migration
managing urban growth – slums, squatter settlements
reducing unemployment and crime
social: access to services – health and education; access to resources – water supply, energy
how urban growth has created opportunities:
providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy
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Urban change in cities in the UK leads to a variety of social, economic and environmental opportunities and challenges.
An example of an urban regeneration project to show:
how urban change has created challenges:
environmental: urban greening
environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal
social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems
how urban change has created opportunities:
the location and importance of the city in the UK and the wider world
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Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport.
Features of sustainable urban living:
creating green space.
water and energy conservation
waste recycling
How urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion.