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SOCIAL INFLUENCE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE
        conforming to be right
        
        JENNESS (1932)
        beans in a jar
        
        METHOD
        -101 students asked to estimate how many beans in a glass jar
        -put them in groups of 3 and asked for a second estimate from each group and then individual after discussion
        -compared individuals avg. estimate to groups
        
        FINDINGS
        -found nearly all participants changed answer
        -on avg. women changed by more than men
        -ambiguous situation, supports ISI
      - NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE
        conforming to be liked
        
        ASCH original experiment(1951)
  - - - FINDINGS
        -the naive pptp gave a wrong answer 36.8% of the time- overall conformity rate
        -75% conformed at least once
        -the ASCH EFFECT (the extent to which pptps conform even when the situation is unambiguous) used to describe this
        -NSI
      - AO3
        
        WEAKNESSES
        
        ARTIFICIAL SITUATION
        artificial situation, lacks mundane realism of everyday life, limited ecological validity
        
        RESULTS PRODUCT OF THE TIME
        1950s cold war may have made Americans more paranoid/conformist, reduced temperal validity
        
        STRENGTHS
        
        CONTROL GROUP
        Asch included a group with no confeds to compare with experimental group, valid data to compare to
        
        HIGH INTERNAL VALIDITY
        standardised procedure so replicable
    - - 2) UNANIMITY
        -presence of another who didn't conform added
        -introduced a confederate who disagreed with the others (even if right/wrong)
        -conformity was reduced by a quarter from the level it was when the unanimous majority
        -influence of majority depends to some extent on the group being unanimous
      - 3) TASK DIFFICULTY)
        -made task more difficult by making standard and comparison lines more similar
        -conformity increased
        -ISI plays more of a role when task more ambiguous
      - 1) GROUP SIZE
        -3 confeds, 1 naive
        -conformity to the wrong answer rose to 31.8%
        -addition of more confeds made little diff
        -MAJORITY OF THREE MINIMUM
- - - - WEAKNESSES
        
        WILLIAMS AND WARCHAL 1981
        
        studied 30 uni students who were given conformity tasks like those in Asch's experiment
        
        each student also assessed using Rotter's LOC scale
        
        found those who conformed were less assertive but didn't score differently on LOC
        
        implies assertion may be more important than LOC to conformity
      - STRENGTHS
        
        OLINER AND OLINER 1988
        
        non-jewish people who lived through the holocaust
        
        compared 406 ppl who protected and rescued jews and 126 people who had not
        
        found rescuers (independent behaviour) scored higher on measures of social responsibility INTERNAL locus of control
        
        ANDERSON AND SCHEINER 1978
        
        internals are more likely to become leaders than followers
        
        individuals who take on responsibility for their actions tend to think the have some control over their environment, including changing behaviour of those around them
- - - - V1
        experiment took place in rundown office building, rather than YALE (og)
        
        48% OBEDIENCE RATE
      - V2
        experimenter over the phone
        
        20% OBEDIENCE RATE
      - V3
        pptps in groups, with 2 confeds who rebelled and one naive pptp
        
        10% OBEDIENCE RATE
      - V4
        confederate administered shock
        
        92.5% OBEDIENCE RATE
      - V5
        teacher could not see or hear learner
        
        100% OBEDIENCE RATE
  - - - legitimate authority
        
        in original experiment, the location was prestigious (YALE), the authority figure was uniformed (LAB COAT), and the experimenter was standing next to the teacher, these three factors led to the 65% obedience rate. In variations where the factors were no longer present, obedience levels significantly fell.
        
        location
        run down office building
        OBEDIENCE RATE 48%
        
        proximity
        over the phone
        OBEDIENCE RATE 20%
        
        uniform
        experimenter regular person
        OBEDIENCE RATE 10%
      - agentic shift
        
        we deny personal responsibility as we have been ordered to behave in a way by someone else, so we shift the responsibility onto the person who told us, and we see ourselves as the agent
        
        in milgram's experiment, pptps were told that YALE would take on responsibilty
      - gradual commitment
        
        small initial request so pptps don't mind obeying and then each request asks for slightly more, so they build up to the big request. At this point, the pptp has already commited and feels like thye can't just stop now
        
        in milgram's experiment pptps were initially asked to use a 15v, and it ended up as 450v
      - dehumanisation
        
        buffering affect occurs when we are more likely to inflict harm onto someone if we can't see or hear them, common in war as people are seen as numbers instead of names
        
        in milgram's variation where the learner can't be seen or heard, the 100% obedience rate strengthens this explanation
      - EVALUATION
        
        WEAKNESSES
        
        variations have less internal validity
        
        ORNE + HOLLAND says original study likely to be discovered as fake
        
        esp. the variations
        
        og exp lacks internal validity
        
        GINA PERRY 2013 listened to tapes of experiment and agreed with orne and holland
        
        ethical issues
        
        BOUMRIND says 3 deceptions are betrayal of trust
        
        obedience alibi
        
        milgram found from variations that situational factors play a role
        
        MANDEL 1998 this explanation offers an excuse for evil behaviour
        
        suggests Nazis were just obeying orders due to factors beyond own control which is offensive
        
        STRENGTHS
        
        high external validity
        
        main focus was pptp + experimenter relationship
        
        milgram said accurate to boss/employee relationship
        
        supporting replications
        
        la jeu de la mort
        
        pptps recreated experiment
        
        80% obedience rate
        
        spain, MIRANDA ET AL found 90% obedience rate in cross cultural recreation
        
        KILHAM AND MANN found 16% obedience rate in australia
    - - authoritarian personality- adorno et al 1950
        
        proposed some individuals were more likely to obey based on how their parents brought them up, and the CALIFORNIA F SCALE questionnaire aimed to calculate this
        
        parents who gave conditional love, strict discipline and expected unquestioned loyalty were likely to raise more obedient children
        
        these experiences create an insecure adult, who respects authority, and may boost self esteem if they gain in-group favoritism from those in power
        
        ELMS + MILGRAM (1966)
        
        sample of 20 obedient pptps who reached full 450v and 20 disobedient
        
        asked them to complete questionnaires to measure AP
        
        found obedient pptps scored higher on F scale- AP
        
        evaluating AP
        
        although E+M results found link between AP and obedience, results are correctional so difficult to draw meaningful conclusions about exact cause of obedience
        
        situational factors means it is not sole reason for obedience
        
        MIDDENDORP + MELEON 1990
        
        less-education, more likely to have AP
        
        suggests edu=obedience rather than AP
- - - - lack of realism
        
        BANUAZIZI + MOHAVEDI 1975 argued pptps play acting rather than just conforming
        
        behaviour based on stereotypes
        
        HOWEVER zimbardo argues that 90% prisoners conversations about prison life, also prisoner 416 expressed the idea that it was real
      - dispositional influences
        
        FROMM 1973 argued zimbardo exaggerated power of situation and ignored power of personality
        
        only 1/3 guards behaved brutally, another 1/3 aimed to keep rules fairly and the rest aimed to support prisoners
        
        pptps able to make choices despite the situational pressure
      - REICHER + HASLAM 2006
        
        partial replication on BBC found prisoners took control and harassed guards
        
        said SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY guards failed to develop shared social identity theory and bond, yet prisoners identified as members of a social group
      - issues and ethics
        
        dual role made him lose perspective, put the prisoners at risk psychologically
        
        418 felt he couldn't leave
- - - - NEMETH 1986
        
        PROCEDURE
        
        groups of 4 had to agree amount of compensation given to someone for accident
        
        one confed in each group
        
        COND ONE: the confed (minority) argued for low rate and was INFLEXIBLE
        -COND TWO: the minority argued low, then compromised to be slightly higher FLEXIBLE
        
        FINDINGS
        
        condition one minority had little to no effect, condition two minority was much more effective
    - - MOSCOVICI 1969
        wanted to see if a consistent minority could influence a majority to give an incorrect answer in a colour perception task
        
        PROCEDURE
        
        sample of 172 female pptps in colour perception task
        
        groups of 6 shown 36 slides with varying shades of blue, pptps had to state outloud colour of each slide
        
        2/6 confederates, one condition (consistent) confederates said all slides of green
        
        second condition (inconsistent) confederates said 24 green 12 blue
        
        RESULTS
        
        in the consistent condition in 8.2% trials real pptps agreed with confederates
        
        in the inconsistent condition in 1.25% trials real pptps agreed with confederates
        
        consistent minority was 6.95% more effective than inconsistent
        
        consistency suggests commitment
  - - - SOCIAL CRYPTOMNESIA
        
        people have memory that change has occured but fail to remember how it happened
      - SNOWBALL EFFECT
        
        civil rights activists, MLK, continued to press for changes that gradually got the attention of the US government, in 1964 US civil rights act was passed, prohibiting discrimination
      - NORMATIVE INFLUENCE + SOCIAL INFLUENCE
        
        NOLAN ET AL 2008 hung messages on doors of two san diego towns for one month, one town said save energy and the other town said I save energy
        
        found the second town had less energy consumption than the first
        
        NSI causes social change as we identify w community and want to be liked
      - BARRIERS TO SOCIAL CHANGE
        
        BASHIR ET AL 2013 why ppl so often resist social change, even if agree necessary
        
        e.g. people less likely to be environmentally friendly as don't want to be seen as tree huggers