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Egypt 1882-98 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Empire had been in decline
      - The Khedives that ruled Egypt had a great deal of political freedom
    - - The decline of the empire had worried the British as they feared the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires and French expansion in the meditarrean
      - The Suez Canal was also an important trade route the relied on the stability of Egypt
      - The British and French had been involved in funding the expansion of the economy
    - - The country was effectively bankrupt by 1875-76
      - Britain and France establish financial control called Dual Control and forced several financial changes
        
        Cuitting pay of the army
        
        Sales tax on food and goods
      - Dual Control supervised the actions of the egyptian by using an international commission the Caisse de la Dette and Brit and Fra were represented by controller generals
      - The Sultan deposed the current Khedive and replaced him with his son, Tewfik Pasha, on British insistence and informed with a telegram
    - - Arabi Pasha a nationalist army officer protests against Dual Control and Tewfik and became well supported by the army and fellahin(Peasants)
      - 1879 - Led a coup in response to attempts to dismiss 2,500 army officers and halve the salary of the remaining
      - Forced Tewfik to appoint a nationalist cabinet and reversed the desicion and took a loan from the Rothschild in reponse
      - Britain was concerned about the volatility of the situation and did not look kindly on it
  - - - The Suez Canal was vital to control of India and 80% of trade through the Suez Canal was British ships
      - France owned the canal and Britain did not want them to get more power then they already did in North Africa
    - - Egypt was an important growing market for Britain
      - 80% of Egyptian exports were bought by Britain and 44% of imports were supplied by Britain
      - Attractive contracts for British companies with the modernisation efforts like railways and harbour building
      - Britain bought some cotton and had during the American Civil war and then switched back that exacerbated egyptian economic difficulties
    - - British Bond holders were exposed to any failure of egypt to pay any debt
      - The British government was responsive to the demands of the City of London and its bondholders
      - Gladstone who led the occupation had 37% of his personal fortune invested in Egypt
    - - Anti-Christian riots broke out in 1882 which killed at least 50 europeans and 250 egyptians
  - - - Issued by France and Britain, mainly on the insistence of the French
      - Stated that the powers regarded the maintenance of the Khedive's power as the best guarantee for order and stability
    - - After the appointment of the nationalist cabinet, a combined Anglo-French Fleet is sent
      - The purpose was to protect the shareholders and demonstrate that they were willing to take action
    - - The French backed down and did not bombard Alexandria
      - This was for two main reasons
        
        Germany and other Great Powers made it clear they did not support intervention and France was in no state to disobey having lost a war to the industrialisation nation
        
        Internal Politics meant that Leon Gambetta no longer held power and was replaced with Charles de Freycinet who not longer supported intervention and was supported by parliament
      - France did not withdrawal completely as they were frustrated by british Expansion in the region
- - - - Rise of the radical Jihadist forces and the mahdi in the Sudan
      - Baring and his agenda
      - Defeat of Gladstone over home rule in ireland and the dominance of lord Salisbury
  - - - Debt
        
        The Egyptian government was restored to solvency by 1887
        
        A loan from Britain of 9 million had been given with 8 being spent on stabilising the debt of the country
        
        Half of the tax money was spent on debt repayment
      - Agriculture
        
        The other million was spent on improving the agricultural situation
        
        Irrigation was was improved by clearing the silted drainage canals of the Nile
        
        8% of the gov revenue was devoted to agriculture
    - - Budget constraints
        
        Annual budget was mainly allocated to debt repayment, military repayment to protect against the Mahdi and irrigation
        
        Progress in other areas were non existent
        
        Taxation system was not reformed which meant that there was massive inequalities favouring the landowners
        
        Education was extremely limited and baring actively attempted to reduce enrolment to prevent societal changes
      - Results of his imperialist mindset
        
        Nationalism
        
        Baring underestimated the strength of nationalism
        
        The death of the Khedive led to the replacement of the new Khedive who plotted with young nationalist intellectuals
        
        Baring has little patience for the nationalism and blamed the Khedive
        
        He completely ignored Fellahin nationalism and believed that they loved the British
- - - - Sudan issues were created by changes
        
        Egypt had taken control of Sudan and taken over administrative control and occupied it
        
        Gordon had been appointed to end the slave trade but it destabilised society as the slave traders were powerful and destroyed the economy
      - The rise of the Mahdi
        
        The Madhi was part of the radical Islamic movement in Sudan
        
        He used the resentment from taxes and authority to gain support
        
        The slave traders that would have opposed the Mahdi were not inexistent
        
        There were several army failures that humiliated the armies
    - - The mission
        
        Gladstone did not want to be involved in Sudan fearing that it would destabilise the region
        
        They decided to cut Sudan loose and so aimed to evacuate the Egyptian garrisons
        
        Gordon was sent to evacuate the garrisons
      - His actions
        
        He decided to stay in Khartoum and barricade the city and the Mahdi broke through and killed him and all the garrison before additional support could be sent
        
        A relief force had been sent but it arrived to late to support Gordon and Gladstone was blamed for hilling Gordon and doing nothing
        
        He refused to leave Khartoum and kept asking for more troops
      - Possible Motivation
        
        Publicity
        
        Aiming to generate enough publicity and interest to create publicity to reverse government publicity around the leaving of Sudan
        
        He sent his journal out of Khartoum out of fear of it being bad
      - He had a great effect on the public and there was outrage and anger over his death but it did not prevent the immediate retreat of garrisons but did influence others like Kitchener
  - - - Britain had said that the NIle was its sphere of influence and France had not agreed
      - Kitchener was sent to ensure that the Nile was secure
      - Fashoda
        
        A french force of 120 and kitchener's victorious force of 1,500 men met at Fashoda
        
        The two forces both decided to wait for decisions from London and Paris and had a party
        
        Both countries began imperialist postering
        
        Both countries lauched navies but the French backed down and dropped their claim to Fashoda after knowing the dominance of the British Navy
    - - Kitchener was a proper soldiers nad was a very self controlled person unlike Gordon
      - He venerated Gordon after meeting him
      - He led the expedition into Sudan and defeated the Mahdist forces in Omdurman
      - Khartoum and Gordon
        
        When retaking Khartoum, he held a memorial for Gordon where he was seen crying
        
        He then opened the tomb of the Mahdi and decapitated the head of the Mahdi and parliament was forced to intervene to ensure the head was buried
    - - The battle was desicively won by Kitchener
        
        Mahdists: 10,000 dead, 13,000 prisoners and 5,000 wounded
        
        British: 47 dead, 382 wounded
      - The battle and subsequent atrocities was incredibly brutal
        
        Kitchener did not restate that wounded soldiers were supposed to be spared
        
        Churchill believed that Kitchener was responsible for the atrocities that were committed by his forces