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Individual Differences in Second Language Learning, Difficulties in…

- - - - Cognitive styles: field independent vs. dependent.
        
        No single method suits all learners.
  - - - Inhibition/Anxiety: It has been suggested that inhibition discourages risk-taking, which is necessary for progress in language learning. Not all anxiety is bad and that a certain amount of tension can have a positive effect and even facilitate learning.
        
        -Willingness to Communicate (WTC): A learner’s willingness to speak is connected to anxiety. WTC can be influenced by:
        
        Number of people present
        
        Topic of conversation
        
        Formality of the setting
        
        The individual’s energy or tiredness at the time
  - - - Instrumental motivation (language learning for immediate or practical goals)
      - Integrative motivation (language learning for personal growth and cultural enrichment through contact with speakers of the other language).
      - Zoltán Dornyei (2001a) developed a process-oriented model of motivation that consists of three phases:
        
        Choice motivation refers to getting started and to setting goals,
        
        Executive motivation, is about carrying out the necessary tasks to maintain motivation,
        
        Motivation retrospection refers to students' appraisal of and reaction to their performance