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Digestive & Urinary System Karlie Casillas P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Karlie Casillas P.5
Functions of the digestive system
Take in food
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Digestive Processes
1.Ingestion:
eating
2.Propulsion
: movement of food through the alimentary canal, which includes: swallowing
3.Mechanical breakdown
: includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach and segmentation
4. Digestion:
series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
5.Absorption:
passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
6. Defectation:
elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Functions of the Urinary System
Kidneys
, maintain the body's internal environment by -Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water -Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Ureters
: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra
: transports urine out of body
Arterial flow
: renal - segmental - interlobar - arcuate - cortical radiate
Venous flow
: cortical radiate- arcuate- interlobar - renal veins
Organs of the digestive system
Accessory digestive organs:
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands: produce secretions hat help break down foodstuffs
-Salivary glands
-Liver
-Pancreas
Organs
: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Mouth
: Walls of mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Lips and cheeks
-Lips: composef of fleshy orbicularis Oris muscle
-cheeks: composed of buccinator muscles
-Labial frenulum: median attachment of each lip to gum
Palate
-Palate forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts
1.Hard palate
2.Soft palate
Tongue
: occupies floor of mouth
Functions include
-gripping, repositioning and mixing of food during chewing
Teeth
lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla
Salivary glands:
-
Functions of saliva
-Cleanes mouth
-Dissolves food chemicals for taste
-Moistens food; compacts into bolus
-Begins breakdown os starch with enzyme amylase
The Pharynx
Food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
The Esophagus
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
-Is collapses when not involved in food propulsion
Liver:
digestive function is production of bile
Gallbladder:
chief function is storage of bile
Pancreas:
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Digestive enzymes
Mouth
: saliva contains amylase, which starts the breakdown of starches
Stomach
: pepsin, it helps break down proteins
Pancreas
: supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme
Small intestine:
produces enzymes like lactase that helps digest lactose
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Mouth and Small intestine
glusoce and galactose are absorbed
Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
-All monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells
Stomach and Small intestine
Amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to Amino acids within the cells
Vitamin absorption
- in small intestine
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are carried by micelles; diffuse into absorptive cells
Water-soluble vitamins (C and B) are absorbed by diffusion or by passive or active transporters
Absorption of electrolytes
-Most ions are transported actively along length of small intestine
-Iron and calcium are absorbed in duodenum
-Na+ absorption is coupled with active absorption of glucose and amino acids
Absorption of water
-9L water, mos from GI tract secretions, enter small intestine
95% is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis
Most of rest is absorbed in large intestine
Layers of the GI tract
Stomach wall contains regular four tunics
Muscularis external
has circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers, as well as extra third layer, the oblique (diagonal) layer
Mucosa layer
is also modified
-consists of simple columnar epithelium entirely composed of mucous cells
Secrete two-layer coat of alkaline mucus
Mucosal Barrier
-Harsh digestive conditions require stomach to be protected
-Mucosal barrier protects the stomach and I'd crated by three factors
Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus
Damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced by division of stem cells
Nephron anatomy an physiology
Nephrons
are the structural and functional units that forms urine in the kidneys
Two main parts
-
Renal corpuscle
-
Renal tubule
Renal Corpuscle -Two parts
Glomerulus -tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
UTIs
: Infections that can affect any part of the urinary tract, including the urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys
Kidney stones:
Hard deposits that block urine flow
Interstitial Cystitis
: causes bladder plain and frequent urination
Bladder Cancer:
cancer that develops in the lining of bladder
Overactive bladder:
bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time
Bladder polyps
: abnormal growths in the bladder's lining