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Memory - Coggle Diagram
Memory
The Cognitive Interview
- mental reinstatement
being mentally taken back to the physical/psychological environment
makes the memories more accessible, which triggers recall
e.g., 'try and take yourself back to that moment...'
Fisher + Geiselman
found that people remember specific events better when they are presented with retreival cues
- report everything
encourage the witness to recall everything, including events which seem irrelevant
memories are inter-connected, therefore one 'irrelevant' memory could trigger another more important one
e.g., 'please tell me absolutely everything'
- change perspectives
get the witness to recall events from a different POV
helps deactivate schemas
--> mental frameworks which 'fill in the gaps' of certain events
e.g., could you tell me the experiences of X'
- reverse order
getting the witness to recall the events backwords (not chronologically)
helps deactivate schemas
e.g., 'could you go from the most recent event to the first one which occured'
EVALUATION
Strengths
research to suggest that the cognitive interview is more effective than the standard police interviews
Memon
--> more correct details are given
--> even when cases are highly arousing/large time frames between the event and the interview
a positive because it improves the accuracy of EWT
Weaknesses
1.Colomb + Ginet
some parts of the cognitive interview are more valuable than others..
mental reinstatement + reporting all details :check:
changing perspective + reversing the order :red_cross:
shows that its not all completely helpful
- Memon
levels of incorrect information can also increase
--> not significant but still increases
this could mislead the police which wastes time + resources
Long Term Memory
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Procedural (knowing how)
-motor/action based
-automatic
-practised
-implicit (doesn't require a conscious effort)
EVALUATION
Brain Scan Studies
Episodic LTM = hippocampus + temporal lobe
Semantic LTM = temporal lobe
Procedural LTM = cerebellum, basal ganglia, motor cortex
Case Studies
CW (clive wearing)
- impaired declarative esp. episodic
- procedural was unaffected
- worst amnesia ever recorded (retrograde + anterograde)
HM (henry molaison)
- impaired declarative
- procedural was unaffected
KC (kent cochrane)
- impaired episodic -> areas of the temporal lobe
- semantic was unaffected
The Multi Store Model
Capacity: amount of info held in a memory store
Duration: length of time information is held
Coding: info stored in different forms
Capacity: STM
Jacobs - digit span
- aimed to see how many random numbers participants could remember
mean result = 9.3 --> (7+-2)
LTM:
Case of S
- no distinct limits to his memory
capacity of the LTM is potentially unlimited
Duration: STM
Peterson + Peterson - trigrams
attempted to remember meaningless trigrams at different time intervals (X3)
3 seconds 80%
18 seconds 10%
overall: 18-30 seconds
LTM:
Bahrick - photo test
photo recognition and recall names of students they remembered
higher scores closer from the time they graduated
overall: years/pot. lifetime
Coding: STM + LTM
attempted to remember 5 words which sound similar
acoustically similar words were harder to remember in the STM
STM = acoustic coding (oral)
LTM = semantic coding
sensory information--> sensory register --(attention)--> STM --(prolonged rehearsal) LTM (recall) <-(retrieval)--
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EVALUATION
Strengths:
Evidence to support that the memory is not monolithic but has MULTIPLE distinct stores
e.g., HM.. LTM was impaired yet was able to use his STM
Weaknesses:
HM also highlights a limitation of the study
--> during the mirror drawing task, there improvement each time the task was retried, showing that he was able to remember the test
--> shows that there must be more than two simple stores for the STM + LTM
Argued that the MSM over emphasises the role of rehearsal
--> Craig + Lockhart... found that people tend to remember deeper processes rather than shallow processes used in tasks
--> shows that LTM is improved through the way facts are processed rather than rehearsal
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Eyewitness Testimony
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Accuracy: Anxiety
Argument 1: anxiety has a negative effect on the accuracy
Johnson + Scott
summary --> a weapon in the hand of a criminal distracts attention
people were sat in a waiting room, a man either ran through with a pen or a knife
49% accuracy for a pen
33% accuracy for a knife
DV: accuracy of identification
IV: the weapon in hand
CONCLUSION: weapon focus effect
--> presence of a weapon caused a change of attention to the weapon rather than the person
Argument 2: anxiety has a positive effect on the accuracy
Christian + Hubinette
summary --> study concerned a violent, real life crime (violence makes it more realistic)
victims of a more violent crime are more accurate than those who are not
DV: accuracy depending on the crime
IV: violent crime vs non violent crime
CONCLUSION: there are no simple rules about the effect of anxiety on the accuracy on eyewitness testimony
OVERALL... real life situations are more violent and therefore are easier to remember but anxiety doesn't have an effect
Inverted U theory for anxiety
Yerkes-Dodson effect
summary - when physiological arousal increases beyond an optimum arousal level, the level of performance decreases