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Key Topic 3: The development of Lutheranism 1521-46 - Coggle Diagram
Key Topic 3: The development of Lutheranism 1521-46
The Diet of Worms and its aftermath: Luther's condemnation as a heretic and an outlaw; the attitude of Charles V; the protection of Frederick the Wise at Wartburg Castle.
Luther's condemnation as a heretic and an outlaw
Luther's hearing at the Diet of Worms 1521
17th April 1521
Questions he was asked
1) Had he written the pamphlets?
He said he had
2) Did he uphold the pamphlets content or did he retract?
Luther left to consider
The following day, he did not retract
'I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted ... I neither can nor will revoke anything since it is neither safe nor honest to and against one's conscious'
Charles' response
'I regret having delayed so long the proceedings against Luther'
'Proceed against him as a notorious heretic'
April 26th
Luther sent home
Luther declared an outlaw by the Edict of Worms
Terms of the Edict of Worms 1521
Luther declared an outlaw
All Lutheran works to be burned
All printers has to have the approval of a university faculty of theology before printing anything even mentioning Christian faith
The attitude of Charles V
Should Charles just have executed Luther?
Did not want sour relations with princes for backtracking on this word so early into his reign
Charles was a man of his word
Had to stick by Luther's safe conduct
Executing him would not have eliminated his ideas
300,000 copies of Luther's work in circulation
Would have made Luther a martyr
Would produce even more anti-Rome feeling
Why did the Edict of Worms 1521 fail?
Structure of the Empire
Charles had to rely on the princes to enforce it
Immediate action would have been difficult
Luther had vanished and no one knew where he was
Charles could not force the princes
Capitulation 1519
Charles had given his word not to bring foreign troops into Germany
Charles was busy with France and Spain
Vast majority of the princes did not agree with Luthers' doctrine but did believe Germany was being exploited by Rome and there was much wrong with the Church in Germany
Princes said they would only enforce the Edict if Charles put pressure on the Pope to call a general council and address their 102 grievances
The protection of Frederick the Wise at Wartburg Castle
Luther was kidnapped by Fredrick the Wise after the Diet of Worms 1521
Send the next 10 months in hiding
As Junker George
Wartburg Castle
Translated New testament into German 1522
Crisis in Wittenberg 1521/22
Whilst Luther was away the Reformation gathered pace in Wittenberg
Iconoclasm
Influenced by the Zwickau prophets
Followers of radical preacher Muntzer
Carlstadt swept up in changes
Luther was not happy with the situation in Wittenberg
Luther wrote letters to try and stop it
Returned in March 1522 to preach against these actions
Invocavit sermons
Shows Luther's a social conservative
The Diet of Worms 1521
Charles finally arrived in Germany in October 1520
Worms, January 1521 was the first Diet he summoned
Top of his agenda was the Ottoman issue and a request for the money to send a crusade
Two papal representatives attended
Dr Eck
Cardinal Aleander
Wished to condemn Luther completely
The Princes' agenda
102 Grievances to do with the church in Germany
Influenced by Luther's 'To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation' (1520)
19th February: Princes persuaded Charles V to see Luther
Why did Charles agree?
Did not want to alienate the princes
Needed Frederick the Wise's support if he was top establish authority
Under the empire's laws, no one could be sent for trial outside Germany without a fair hearing
Provisions which Luther set off for Worms with
Emperor's herald as an escort
Carriage provided by Wittenberg's town council
Cheered and supported in each town/village he passed through
Luther's hearing
17th April 1521
Questions he was asked
1) Had he written the pamphlets?
He said he had
2) Did he uphold the pamphlets content or did he retract?
Luther left to consider
The following day, he did not retract
'I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted ... I neither can nor will revoke anything since it is neither safe nor honest to and against one's conscious'
Charles' response
'I regret having delayed so long the proceedings against Luther'
'Proceed against him as a notorious heretic'
April 26th
Luther sent home
Luther declared an outlaw by the Edict of Worms
Its aftermath: the Edict of Worms 1521
Terms
Luther declared an outlaw
All Lutheran works to be burned
All printers has to have the approval of a university faculty of theology before printing anything even mentioning Christian faith
Why did the Edict fail?
Structure of the Empire
Charles had to rely on the princes to enforce it
Immediate action would have been difficult
Luther had vanished and no one knew where he was
Charles could not force the princes
Capitulation 1519
Charles had given his word not to bring foreign troops into Germany
Charles was busy with France and Spain
Vast majority of the princes did not agree with Luthers' doctrine but did believe Germany was being exploited by Rome and there was much wrong with the Church in Germany
Princes said they would only enforce the Edict if Charles put pressure on the Pope to call a general council and address their 102 grievances
Should Charles just have executed Luther?
Did not want sour relations with princes for backtracking on this word so early into his reign
Charles was a man of his word
Had to stick by Luther's safe conduct
Executing him would not have eliminated his ideas
300,000 copies of Luther's work in circulation
Would have made Luther a martyr
Would produce even more anti-Rome feeling
Luther's attitude to religious and political radicalism: views on the Radical Reformation by Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg, his lack of support for the revolt of the Imperial Knights; the reasons for, and consequences of, his denunciation of the Peasants' War 1525; the effect of Luther's political conservatism on the German princes.
Views on the Radical Reformation by Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg, his lack of support for the revolt of the Imperial Knights
Carlstadt and Zwilling
To take over Luther's place in Wittenberg
Both enthusiastic about Luther's ideas
Decided to speed up the Reformation
Put into practice everything Luther had only said on paper
What did they advocate?
Denounced Mass
Monks began wearing secular clothing
Support of clerical marriage
The Zwickau prophets
Arrived in Wittenberg in December 1521
From Zwickau, Saxony
Radicalised by Muntzer
Announced they were inspired by direct revelations from God
Made bold prophesies
Eg. end of the world is nigh
Denounced Luther for excessive caution
What did they advocate for?
Cedrobaptism
German services
Clergy were not to wear the normal vestments
Iconoclasm
Zwilling led the iconoclasm
Pace quickened
Carlstadt and Zwilling advocated iconoclasm
Luther's response
March 1522: returned to Wittenberg
To stop the extremism
To prevent the bloodshed that would ensue if Frederick decided to use force
Managed to restore order
A measure of Luther's courage, charisma, and persuasiveness
In just 8 days
Preaching his 8 'Invocovit Sermons'
Insisted on slow, cautious change
Prophets were expelled
Carlstadt was dismissed from the university and left town in 1524
Importance of the Wittenberg tumults
Luther made clear his conservative approach to change
Opposed all grass-roots activism and extremism
Change was to be slow
Change was to be implicated by authorities in an orderly fashion
Opened Luther's eyes to the fact he had created a vaccum
Spent most of the rest of the 1520s reading the means by which ordinary people could learn and understand his new doctrines
Immediately, though, he did accept some changes
Meat eating on Fridays
Clerical marriage
Taking the eucharist in both kinds
Lack of support for the revolt of the Imperial Knights
By the 1520s the imperial knights now lacked purpose and wealth and their position was almost pathetic
1522: a sizeable group of knights were stirred by Ulrich von Hutton to take action
Ulrich von Hutton
Inspired by Luther's reforming ideas and his Geman nationalism
Wished to accelerate the pace of the change with military force
Using his fellow knights as the tool
What motivated the knights?
Religious favour
Resuming their old imperial position
Knights, led by Sickingen, targeted the city of Trier
Archbishop of Trier
Played a key role in the Diet of Worms
His assistant pointed to Luther's books
Demanded yes/no answers
Interrupted Luther when he was in fulll flow
Burned all heretical texts
Represented Rome
Knights believed his removal would be a trigger to a political revolution and a reforming crusade
Overall goal
Unification of all German-speaking lands under one national monarch
The secularisation of all Church property
Why was their attack misjudged?
Archbishop refused to surrender
His requests for help were met by local princes
Princes wished to stop this effort to change the political status quo
An opportunity to break the knights forever
Hutton and Sickingen when the attack on Trier failed
Hutton
Fled to Switzerland
Died of syphilis
Sickengen
Retreated to his castle
Besieged by the forces of the Wabian League
Died of wounds a day after he surrendered
The Knights war and Luther
The link
Carried out in his name
Posters linking Luther and Hutton were widespread
Luther's silence
Why?
Friendship with his deputy Melanchthon, who had know Hutton well
Hutton's reputation as a humanist
How was it damaging?
Implied he was hostile to princely authority and in favour of governmental reform
The reasons for, and consequences of, his denunciation of the Peasants' War 1525
Reasons for
Social and economic casues
Peasants demanded Agrarian rights and freedom from oppression from nobles/landlords
Horrible conditions
Peasants couldn't be independent farmers
Landlords imposed severe restrictions on movement/ serfdom was being imposed
Peasants had revolted 18 times in the recent past
Religious causes
Religious reformers encouraged the revolts
Eg. Muntzer
Many revolted in Luther's name
Misinterpretation coming from Luther's doctrine of spiritual freedom
He said let's be equal in the eyes of God
Meaning religiously equal, not politically
Luther tapped into peasants superstition as the believed a holy man would come to save them
Consequences of
Why did the peasants fail?
Luther had abandoned them
Lacked military weapons, whereas the princes did not
Lacked coordination and cooperation, whilst the princes were united
Peasants' demands
The 12 Articles
Consequences
100,000 peasants died
52 monasteries destroyed
Luther lost support Fromm peasants, but gained princely support
Religious reform
Luther's response
Admonition to Peace (March 1525)
He only wanted peace, not revolt
'Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants' (May 1525)
Calling on the princes to 'stab, smite, and slay' the peasants with God's approval
Luther believed the peasants had misinterpreted the gospel and his words
Key events
1524 beginning of the rebellion
March 1525
Peasants overthrow government in Mulhausen
Peasants establish Eternal Council
Twelve Articles published
Luther published An Admonition of Peace
May 1525
Luther published 'Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants'
Battle of Frankenhausen
6000 peasants killed
July 1525
Luther published An open letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants
September 1525: all battles ended
To what extent was the Peasant's War 1525 a turning point in the German Reformation?
Evidence for (change)
Luther got support from princes
Becomes a Magisterial Reformation (top down)
Radical reform is set back
Luther feels more need to write and educate
Luther plays a less active role in the Reformation
Luther loses peasantry support, but gains princely support
Evidence against (continuity)
Role of princes continues to be important
The effect of Luther's political conservatism on the German princes
Luther's stance on the Peasants' Revolt helped him win princely support
Confirmed the impression that Luther was 'respectable' and conservative
Secular authorities started taking initiative in imposing religious reform from above
Reformation, from now on, would be imposed by princes, who took a more active role
The radical Reformation had been stopped, and the magisterial Reformation was seen as respectable
Lutheran beliefs and their influence: the importance of justification; the German Mass; the doctrine of the Real Presence; Luther's translation of the Bible; the 'Large Catechism' and 'Small Catechism'; the growing popularity of Lutheranism within Germany.
The German Mass 1526
Publications concerning Mass
'Concerning the Order of Public Worship 1523
Broad guidelines regarding Mass and Eucharist
'German Mass' 1526
Set the sermon at the heart of the service
Displayed the Eucharist to the second half
Preaching the word of God was most important
'German Mass' 1526 and the Eucharist
Prioritised the word of God as the most important
His services still remained similar to the Catholics'
Some Reformers were shocked by the amount of Latin singing and consubstantiation
The doctrine of the Real Presence
Gospels had to be taken literally
Christ was really present in the bread and wine taken at Euhcarist
Eucharist bread emanated bread but had the presence of Christ in it
Rejected the radical interpretation that Christ had simply even suggesting the wine and bread signified his body and blood
Caused division amongst Protestants
Prevented an alliance between Lutheran and Zwinglians
Consubstantiation
Differed from the Catholic belief in transubstantiation
Luther's translation of the Bible 1522-34
Luther's work translating the Bible
Hidden in Wartburg Castle
Spent the 1520s working on the Old Testament
Completed by 1534
Wittenberg printing press alone printed 100,000 copies of Luther's translation between 1534-1600
Success
200,000 copies sold in the next 12 years
Influential on German language
'His German came bursting out'
Controversy
Wanted to make the Bible 'German', not to provide another dull literary translation
The 'Large Catechism' and 'Small Catechism'
Why did Luther write the Catechisms in 1529?
In response to the failings revealed by the 1528-29 inspections
What is a Catechism
Instruction books in the form of questions and answers
Difference between the large Catechism and the Small Catechism
The Great Catechism
Intended as a sort of manual of instructions
For the use of ministers ad those who wanted a 'deeper and fuller understanding'
The Small Catechism
Short; addressed only the key points of faith; written in simple language
Intended for a minister to use with his congregation or the master of a house with his household
The growing popularity of Lutheranism within Germany
50/65 imperial cities adopted Lutheranism
Why?
Printing press
Universities in cities
Cities were on trade routes - ideas would spread
Town councils often adopted Lutheranism
Cities were a place where preachers and plays visited
Luther himself often wrote letters to town councils
Anti-clericalism in towns and cities
Popular support
Popular vote
Eg. In Ulm in 1530, 85% of citizens voted for the Reformation
Citizens of cities were an ideal audience for the Reformation
Church did not monopolise religions they did in rural areas
Anti-clericalism
Clergy regarded as parasites
High degree of literacy
Printing presses
Sermons were popular in the imperial cities
Welcomed preachers
Paved the way for Luther's evangelical approach
Eg. Nuremberg 1516: Staupitz preached on the inability of man to affect his own salvation
Urban vs rural
Cities were independent enough to decide on religious issues themselves
Humanists in cities
Reasons for popularity of Lutheranism
Social grievances of workers/ poorer clergy
Ambition of the guilds/ newly-rich merchants
Ideals of university students/ humanists
Economic reasons for supporting the Reformation
Some city councils were receptive to reforming due to the money that could be transferred from the Church to the good of its citizens
1523: Leipzig established a 'Common Chest'
Differences between North and South
North
Religious change was generally part of a democratic movement
Nature of the Reformation was strictly Lutheran, with few independent-minded reformers
South
Greater emphasis on the solidarity of community
Councils helped to impose strutted religious disciplines and organised charity
Reformers who were not always prepared to go Lutheran
Reasons for popularity of Lutheranism in Germany (HRE)
State of the Catholic Church in Germany
Luther's own personal role
Context/quality of Luther's ideas
The princes
Widespread rural and popular support
Problems of Charles V
Printing press
Imperial towns and cities
Leading humanists
Social and economic situation
Trade routes
Failure of the papacy to respond effectively to Lutheranism
The importance of justification
Central to Luther's theology
Sola fide
Only God could save a person, not good works
People would commit good works if they were chosen by God
Divisions between reformers
Luther and Erasmus
Erasmus was more European in his views; Luther was a German nationalist
Erasmus was witty ans satirical in his attacks; Luther provoked violence
Erasmus did not agree with Luther's theological interpretations
Erasmus challenged sola fide in 1524 - he rather believed in the enormous potential of humanity
Luther and Zwingli
By 1529, the Catholic threat to the Lutheran movement looked serious
Philip of Hesse thought it made sense for Luther to ally with the other 'respectable' magisterial reform movement - Zwinglism
Philip of Hesse arranged for a discussion between Zwinglian and Lutheran theologians at his castle in Marburg
The two sides agreed on 14/15 discussion points
On the Eucharist, no agreement could be found
Luther's declining influence, 1530-46: Philip Melanchthon's codification of Lutheran beliefs; the Loci Communes 1521; the Augsburg Confession 1530 and its importance; growing divergence between Catholic and Lutheran beliefs; Luther and the Philip of Hesse affair 1540.
Philip Melanchthon's codification of Lutheran beliefs
Philip Melanchthon
1521: Loci Communes
1530: Represented Luther at the meeting in Augsburg
1529: Accompanied Luther to the Colloquy
1541: Represented Luther at the meeting in Regensberg with the emperor's delegates
Melanchthon's relationship with Luther
Were the perfect balance to one another
Luther was loud/coarse; Melanchthon was gently spoken
Luther was extreme; Melanchthon was moderate
Luther refused compromise; Melanchthon was the conciliator
Luther could be egotistical; Melanchthon was endearing
The Loci Communes 1521
The Augsburg Confession 1530
Melanchthon was a conciliator
Wanted nothing more than to repair the breach with the Catholic Church and heal wounds
The Loci Communes 1521
Luther's ideas were being misinterpreted
Melanchthon gathered Luther's ideas into one clear systematic statement
In Luther's absence, he had to make some decisions
Went through 50 editions in Melanchthon's lifetime
Success: was considered required reading for understanding Lutheran theology
The Augsburg Confession 1530 and its importance
The Diet of Augsburg 1530
Charles V was trying to reunite the Church by negotiating with the Lutherans
He was also in need of support against the Ottoman Turks
Theologians on both sides
Luther still an outlaw
Luther is represented by Philip Melanchthon
Draws up the Augsburg Confession (a statement of beliefs)
Result on many compromises
Quite moderate and vague
Even Eck found most of it acceptable
Many cities adopted it
Rejected by Catholics
Issued their own statement of beliefs (the Recess)
Charles sided with the Catholics
Demanded the Edict of Worms be enforced
1 more item...
Melanchthon
Growing divergence between Catholic and Lutheran beliefs
Sources of doctrine
Lutheranism
Sola scriptura
Catholicism
Bible
Popes
Councils
Church Fathers
How to get to heaven
Lutheranism
Sola fide
Catholicism
Good works
Obedience to the teachings of the Church
Role of good works
Lutheranism
Good works are a symptom of being saved
Catholicism
Free will
Works are essential in order to earn grace and minimise the time spent in purgatory
Number of sacraments
Lutheranism
Baptism
Eucharist
Catholicism
7
Eucharist
Lutheranism
No miracle takes place during Communion
Consubstantiation
Catholicism
The miracle of transubstantiation occurs
Baptism
Lutheranism
Infant baptism only
Accepts an infant into the community
Cathoicism
Infant baptism only
A sacrament
Removes 'original sin'
Priesthood and monasticism
Lutheranism
No scriptural basis for privileged priesthood
All men are equal spiritually in the eyes of God
Catholicism
Priests hold a special and privilaged position
Papacy
Lutheranism
No basis for the papacy in scripture
Satan
Catholicism
The papacy has scriptural basis
Images in churches
Lutheranism
Certain images are idolatrous
Catholicism
Images and statues play a crucial role in educating the illiterate
Donating images is a good work
Luther and the Philip of Hesse affair 1540
Philip of Hesse
One of Luther's most important princely supporters
The scandal
1523: announced his marriage was unhappy
They had 10 kids
Philp had fakken in love with a 17 year old
Philip turned to Luther for advice
Luther said divorce was out of the question
Luther said he should take a second wife (in the Old Testament tradition)
Impact on Luther's reputation
Luter appeared a hypocrite
Ignored his own emphasis on family values
Ignored the law of the land
Condoned a practice associated with extremists and Anabaptists
Philip lost political credibility as leader of the Lutheran side
Philip of Hesse's role in the Reformation
A landgrove
Made him the empire's 3rd highest prince in terms of noble status
Military importance
Aged 18: had helped to crush the Knights' Revolt 1522
Key role in detecting the Peasants' revolt 1525
From 1530 on, he played a crucial role in organising military defence of the new faith and in negotiating with allies
Luther's later life
Married Katherine von Bora (ex-nun) in 1525
6 children
Spent his remaining years in Wittenberg
Continued to write and translate
John Bugenhagen
1520: first came across Lutheran theology
1539: became superintendent of the Lutheran Church in Saxony
The Saxon Model
Bugenhagen's organisation
Successfully exported the Saxon Model to 8 Northern German states and cities 1528-1543
Nicknamed 'the second apostle of the north'
Discarded aspects of Catholic Church structure
The papacy
Cardinals
Archbishops
How was the Saxon model copied in Lutheran areas?
With local modifications
Each ruler took charge in his own territory; each council took charge if its city
Ideal for Germany
Politically fragmented structure
Princes
The model
The Christian Magistrate/ Magistery
Head of the church was to be the prince or a territory or the council of a city
Function
To see the ordering of the church in that territory/city
Ecclesiastical Council
A committee of 2 lawyers and 2 theologians
Appointed by the Christian Magistrate/ Magistery
Function
Appoints the superintendent
Organises visitations to enforce doctrinal uniformity
Maintain high standards among the clergy
Supervises the spiritual and moral welfare of the laity
Superintendent bishop
Appointed by and subject to the authority of the Christian Magistrate and the Ecclesiastical Council
Function
To enforce high standards and doctrinal uniformity among parish clergy and preachers
How successful was the Saxon model?
Successful
Bugenhagen's organisational genius: He successfully exported the Saxon Model to 8 Northern German states and cities 1528-1543
Unsuccessful
The 'Lutheran Church' was very fragmented
Lutheranism could not be established where a ruler was unsympathetic
Reasons for Luther's declining influence 1530-46
Edict of Worms meant Luther could not personally put his case to authorities any more
Other reformers became new 'public' face of Lutheranism
Luther's priorities changed
Peasants' Revolt 1525 lost him much support
Producted little new work after 1520
Philip of Hesse scandal 1540
Growing older and ill
Continued to alienate and divide
Peasants' Revolt 1525 prompted reforming princes and city authorities to take the initiative in directing the Reformation