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Marisol Matias Period:5 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Marisol Matias Period:5 Digestive & Urinary System
Major Functions Of The Digestive System
Take in food
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major Functions Of The Urinary System
Regulates total water volume & total solute concentration in water
Regulates ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Kidneys produce erythropoietin
Kidneys excrete metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
Kidneys activate vitamin D
Major Organs Of The Urinary System
Kidneys
:
filter blood to get rid of waste and produce urine
Ureters
two long tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra
Muscular tube that transports urine out of the body
Digestive Enzymes
Pepsin
: In the stomach; breaks down proteins into peptides
Salivary amylase
: Made by salivary glands; breaks down starches into maltose
Lingual Lipase
: made by the glands in the tongue; breaks fats into fatty acids & glycerol
Trypsin
: produced by pancreas; breaks down proteins into peptides
Chymotrypsin
: made by the pancreas;breaks proteins into peptides
Carboxypeptidase
: produced by pancreas; breaks peptides into amino acids
Gastric lipase
: made in the stomach; breaks down fats into fatty acids & glycerol
Pancreatic lipase
: produced by pancreas; breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
Pancreatic Ribonuclease
: made by the pancreas; breaks down RNA from food into smaller pieces
Deoxiribonuclease
: produced by the pancreas; breaks DNA into nucleotides
Pancreatic amylase
: breaks starches into smaller sugars
Dextrinase
: breaks down dextrins into glucose
glucoamylase
: breaks down large starch chains into glucose
lactase
: breaks down lactose into glucose
maltase
: breaks down maltose into glucose
sucrase
: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
Bile:
produced by liver and gallbladder; aids in the digestion & absorption of fats in small intestine
Location Of Digestion & Absorption Of Each Macromolecule
Carbohydrates
: Glucose and galactose are absorbed in the mouth via contransport with sodium.
fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
all monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capitally blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Proteins
: Amino acids are absorbed via contransport with sodium in the stomach.
some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via contransport with hydrogen and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells.
infrequently, transcytosis of small peptides occurs
amino acids leave epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic vein
Lipids
: Fatty acids & monoglycerides enter the mouth.
These acids are recombined to form triglycerides and then combine with other lipids and proteins within the cells. The resulting chylomicrons are extruded by exocytosis.
chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi, are transported to systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct.
Some short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood into he villi by diffusion, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Nucelic Acids
: Units enter intestinal cells by active small intestine.
Units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Layers Of The GI Tract
Mucosa
Inner most tunic layer that lines the lumen
Secretes mucous, degestive enzymes, and hormones
Absorbs end products of digestion
protects against infectious disease
Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective Tissue
Contains blood & lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Has a lot of elastic tissues to help organs to regain shape after storing large meal
Muscularis Externa
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers (circular layer thickens in some areas to form
sphincters
Serosa
Outermost layer
made up of visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Muscularis Externa
Oblique Layer
Circular Layer
Longitudinal Layer
Disorders Of The Urinary & Digestive Systems
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
The abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
Risk Factors:
-sexually active women, pregnant women, menopausal women
Symptoms:
-burning with urination, pain in lower pelvic area. cloudy urine
Treatment
oral antibiotic pills, phenoazopyridine
Cholecytitis
An inflammation of the gallbladder
-
Risk Factors:
-digestive tumors, gallstones, blockage of the bile ducts
Symptoms:
-tender abdomen, bloating, RUQ abdominal pain
Treatment:
-medication, fasting, cholecystectomy
Gastroespohageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Risk factors:
-frequent acid reflux, smoking, asthma
Symptoms:
-Chest pain, acid reflux, esophagus
Treatment:
-Surgery, over the counter meds, prescription medications
Inflammatory Bowl Disease (IBD)
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, includes crohn's disease and ulcerative
Risk Factors:
-unknown cause, possibly genetics, environmental or immune
Symptoms:
-abdominal pain, cramping, loss of appetite
- Treatment
-medication, antibiotics, surgery
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or deodenum
RIsk Factors:
-Smoking, excess acid production, imbalance in gastric juices
Symptoms:
-Heartburns, severe chest pain, vomiting
Treatment:
-Endoscopic surgery, lifestyle changes, medication
Diverculitis
Pouches form on the wall of the colon
Risk Factors
:
-age, infections, smoking
Symptoms
-LLQ pain, fever & chills, constipation
Treatment
-antibiotics, medication, surgery
Bladder Cancer
:
Cells that grow abdomially in the bladder
Risk Factors:
-smoking or inhaling tobacco smoke, cancer drugs, exposure to workplace chemicals
Symptoms:
-pain in lower abdomen, back pain, pain when urinating
Treatment
:
-eat well for prevention, stay hydrated for prevention
Kidney stones
stones caused by high levels of minerals and salts in the urine
Risk Factors:
-people with chronic UTIs, multiple sclerosis, spina bifida
Symptoms:
-sharp cramping pain, intense need to urinate, burning feeling when urinating
Treatment:
-wait for stone to pass by itself, medication, surgey
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Accessory organs
Salivary Glands
: produces secretions; located in the mouth & back of throat; cleanses the mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, & moistens food; begins breakdown of starch with amylase
Liver
: production of bile, a fat emulsifier.
Gallbladder
: Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and ions
Pancreas
: Composition of pancreatic juices. Produce the digestive enzymes protease, amylase, lipase, and nuclease
Alimentary Canal
Mouth
: Begins digestion by chewing the food and mixing it with saliva, creating bolus
Pharynx
: Food passes from the mouth into the orpharynx & then into the laryngopharynx
Esophagus
: Muscular tube that runs from the laryngopharynx to stomach. Peristalsis allows food to go down
Stomach
: A temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Small Intestine
: Major organ of digestion & absorption. It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
Large Intestine
: Residue remains in the large intestine for 12-24 hours. No food breakdown occurs. Functions for propulsions of feces and reabsorption of vitamins
Anal Canal
: Pathway for feces to pass
Anus
: The opening for feces to pass down
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Glomerular Capsule:
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule: function in reabsorption and secretion
Distal convoluted tubule: Function more in secretion than reabsorption
Descending limb:
Nephron Loop: consists of 2 limbs; ascending and descending limb
Ascending limb
collecting duct: 2 cell types; principal cells which maintain water and sodium balance. intercalated cells which receive filtrate from neurons, and both A&B intercalated cells maintain acid-base balance of blood
Physiology
:
Nephrons are structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys
Glomerular Filtration
-passive process: No metabolic energy required
-hydrostatic pressure forces fluids & solutes through filtration membrane into Glomerular capsule
-no reabsorption into capillaries of glomerulus occurs
Tubullar Reabsorption:
-inlcludes active & passive tubular reabsorption
-quickly reclaims most tubular contents & returns them to blood
-almost all organic nutrients are reabsorbed
-water and ion reabsorption is normally regulated & adjusted
Tubular Secretion
-reabsorption in reverse
-occurs almost completely in PCT
-selected substances are moved from peritubular capillaries through tubule cells out into filtrate