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Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles - Coggle Diagram
Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
Battery Electrical Vehicles (BEV)
Consist of motor drive system, vehicle energy system , auxiliary system
main components : Battery, Electric motor ,Transmission , Controller
Hybrid electric vehicles
Uses liquid fuels with electricity
Has at least two sources of power for propulsion. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) , Electric motor
Can perform one or more following functions
Engine idle stop-start
Electric torque assistance (fill and boost)
Energy recuperation (regenerative braking)
Electric driving
Battery charging (during driving) and from the grid
Engine idle stop-start
vehicle is stationary, stop-start switch off ICE
if the driver press clutch/throttle pedal or brake pedal release, the engine restart automatically
Energy management function : alternator doesn't have to produce electrical energy , thus the load of torque of the alternator is nearly zero and he fuel consumption is reduced
Electric torque assistance (fill and boost)
2 types of torque assistance
Torque fill
When driver press accelerator pedal it request more torque from the power train
ICE has delay in delivering the requested torque due to
Inertia of the air in the intake manifold
Mechanical inertia of the moving parts
Torque limitation
Torque boost
ICE has a maximum torque capability which depends of the engine speed, by adding the torque from the electric motor, the maximum overall torque of the powertrain is increase which is called torque boost
normally provided by Mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV), Full hybrid electric vehicle (FHEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
Energy recuperation (regenerative braking)
When brake pedal is pressed, the total required braking torque is at the wheel can be achieve by
Only through the hydraulic brakes
Through the hydraulic brakes plus the power train
Vehicles with ICE, when brake pedal is pressed, fuel injection is interrupted to achieve engine braking
In HEV, during vehicle braking, the electric motor is in generator mode, the kinetic energy of the vehicle spins the rotor of the generator , overcoming its negative torque and electrical energy is generated
Electric driving
if electric motor is powerful enough, the vehicle can be driven in electric mode. ICE is switched off and electric motor is providing all the necessary torque for he propulsion of the vehicle
Battery charging during driving
every battery has a minimum state of charge(SOC) to prevent permanent damage
SOC represents the theoretical amount of electrical energy available in the batter
The different battery modes
Charge deplete mode : battery is fully charged
Charge sustain mode : battery reaches minimum SOC and charged by ICE
Charging mode : Vehicle is braking and kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy to charge the battery
Battery charging from the grid
Plug-in Electric vehicle can be charged by connecting it to a power socket
the power electronics control module contains rectifier which convert AC to DC and stored into a high voltage battery
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Has larger battery compared to full hybrid and can be charged externally via a charging station or power outlet
Full hybrid electric vehicle
Can be operate using
Internal Combustion engine (ICE)
Electric motor
A combination of both ICE and electric motor
Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
a type of hybrid vehicle that doesn't run on electric power alone but uses a small electric motor to assist the ICE for improved efficiency an reduced emissions
Key features
Start-stop system
Regenerative braking
No electric motor
no external charging
Small battery
Hybrid electric vehicles components
Battery
Types of Battery
Lithium-ion
most common due to high energy density and longevity
Lithium Iron Phosphate
used in electric vehicles
Nickel-Metal hydride
Used in hybrid vehicles
Motor
Types of Motor
Permanent Magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
High efficiency , commonly use in EVs
Induction motor
No permanent magnets
Switched Reluctance motor (SRM)
Simple but less common
Inverter
Convert DC power from battery to AC power for electric motor
Battery Management Controller
Monitors and regulates battery performance to ensure safety and efficiency
Control Unit
Regulates and controls the operation of the electric motor
Charging unit
Manage charging of EV battery from external sources
Type 1 : slow charging using standard household outlets
Type 2 : Faster charging with dedicated EV chargers
Level 3 : High-power charging stations
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Configuration
Parallel
Parallel Hybrid with one clutch
Layout for mild hybrid :check: ICE and motor are independent of each other :check:
Parallel hybrid with two clutch
Layout for strong hybrid , Allow for engine to be disconnected
Parallel Hybrid with double-clutch transmission
Motor is connected to sub unit of the transmission instead of engine crankshaft
Allow both engine and motor to drive in parallel
Axle-split parallel hybrid
Motor and engine are completely seperated
Semi-automatic transmission with start-stop system is needed
Suitable for strong hybrid
Series
Series hybrid
Always the strong hybrid
Conventional transmission is not needed
Engine can be optimized to only operate in a set of range of rpm
Series - parallel hybrid
Extension of series hybrid layout with addition of cltuch
Clutch mechanically connects generator and motor
Power Split
Combines the advantages of series and parallel layout but at the expenses of increased mechanical complexity
