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Infection and Response - Coggle Diagram
Infection and Response
CHD and Valves
How is it caused?
Caused by the build up of fatty deposits in the wall of the coronary artery. This can be from a high fat diet and low exercise and movement.
How does it affect the human body?
Reduced blood flow to the heart. So less oxygen to the heart. So less aerobic respiration and more anaerobic respiration which results in a build up of lactic acid. Less energy released too. So less muscle contraction. Less blood and oxygen from the heart. Breathlessness and tiredness.
What are the 2 treatments for it?
Stents (surgery) or Statins (medicine)
How do stents and statins work?
Stents:
metal wire with balloon and metal mesh on end of it inserted into lumen. Balloon expands and pushes fatty deposits into the wall of the artery. Metal mesh stays attached to walls so blood can flow. This opens up the artery so blood can flow. Oxygenated blood flow to heart is restored.
Statins:
they lower bad cholesterol made in the liver which prevents the build up of more fatty deposits. You have to take them at night because that's when the liver makes cholesterol.
Pros and cons of stents and statins and side effects
Statins:
pros=
non invasive, lowers cholesterol and can stop blood clots and prevent a heart attack.
cons=
doesn't remove any built up fatty deposits/cholesterol.
Side effects=
muscle pain and headaches.
Stents:
pros=
lasts 10 years, restores blood flow to the heart, long term.
cons=
risk of infection, invasive, could rupture artery, can increase chance of blood clot.
What are the two types of valves? What is the aim and risks and of valve replacement surgery?
Biological valve usually from a pig or a mechanical valve made from metal. Aim= to prevent backflow of blood. Risks= blood loss, infection, blood clots, rejection of new valve.
Types of disease
What is a communicable disease?
A diseases that can be spread from one person to another.
What is a non communicable disease?
A disease that can't be spread from one person to another.
Give examples of com and non com diseases.
Com= common cold, flu, chicken pox, athlete's foot
Non Com= sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, any type of cancer such as skin cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer
What is risk factor?
Something that increases your chance of developing or catching a disease. e.g. high blood pressure increases chance of heart attack. Smoking increases chance of lung cancer.
How to reduce chance of getting a disease?
Do regular exercise, have a low fat, well balanced diet, don't smoke, don't eat too much sugar. seek medical help for any physical or mental difficulties, don't drink excess alcohol.
HIV
spread via bodily fluids, when having sex or sharing needles. Don't have unprotected sex, use condoms and don't share needles. There's no cure but treatment= ART. symptoms= fever, rash, headache, sore throat
Measles
Is a virus. Spread through coughing and sneezing. Quarantine yourself and get rest. No treatment. Symptoms= high fever, hacking cough and red eyes.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Symptoms= stunted growth, mosaic pattern on leaf, yellow spotting or yellow veins. No treatment, just burn the plant. Spread by contact.
Rose Black spot
Fungal disease. Symptoms= purple or black spots, leaves falling off. Spreads from leaf to leaf via wind. use fungicides or remove infected part of plant. Keep leaves dry by using drip irrigation or water by hand at ground level.
Malarial protist
Symptoms= fever, vomiting. Treated using antimalarial medicines or other therapies. Spread by vectors (mosquitos). Use insect repellent or stay away from mosquitos.
Monoclonal antibodies
What are monoclonal antibodies?
They are single b- lymphocytes that produce single type of antibody.
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
1. An antigen is injected in a mouse. 2. The mouse produces lymphocytes which produce antibodies specific to the antigen. 3. The specific lymphocytes are extracted from the spleen of the mouse. 4.These are fused with tumour cells to produce a hybridoma. 5. The hybridoma cells divide and produce lots of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen.
Pathogens and Cancer
What is a pathogen?
A harmful microorganism that can cause infectious disease. Such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists
Which pathogens have a nucleus? Which can or can't be treated by antibiotics? Which can be seen with a microscope? produces in or out of the cell?
Protists and fungi have a nucleus. Virus and bacteria don't have a nucleus. Bacteria is the ONLY one that can be destroyed by antibiotics. You need a microscope to see all of them. Viruses reproduce inside living cell. The rest reproduce outside living cell.
What are the uses of viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists?
Viruses= used to convert genes into target cells.
Bacteria=used in foods like yoghurt
Protists= used for food thickening agents
Fungi= used to make bread and beer
Give examples of bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.
Viruses= COVID-19, influenza, chicken pox
Bacteria= scarlet fever, whooping cough
Fungi= ringworm, athlete's foot
Protist= malaria, African sleeping sickness
What is cancer?
When cells divide out of control and form a tumour.
What are the two types of tumour?
Benign tumour
is non cancerous and won't spread throughout the body.
Malignant tumour
is cancerous and will spread. It's dangerous and needs to be treated because cells could break off and spread to other tissues via the blood.
What are risk factors of cancer? what chemicals can cause cancer?
UV radiation can cause skin cancer and HPV can cause cervical cancer. Carcinogens in tobacco and cigarettes can cause cancer.
Preventing the spread of disease