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Y9+10 Geography Case Studies - Coggle Diagram
Y9+10 Geography Case Studies
LONDON (Urban Issues and Challenges)
Shoreditch
Kensington & Chelsea vs Newham
London Docklands
East Village
Typhoon Haiyan (Natural Hazards - Weather Hazards)
Background information
a tropical storm that took place in the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands which is very prone to natural disasters - Haiyan was the 25th tropical storm to enter Filipino waters in 2013.
made landfall on the eastern side of the Philippines on 8th November, 2013 at 4.40am.
greatest magnitude was 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
Effects
Primary
6,300 people died
storm surge at Mangalabang destroyed coral reefs.
Average speed of the winds was 160 km per hour but they actually reached 314 km per hour.
Secondary
oil barge with 800,000 litres of oil on board ran aground at Estancia in Iloilo causing the decline of the fishing industry due to the contamination.
electricity and phone lines were down
Destruction of coral reefs at Mangalabang means people will not be able to make a living from fishing
Responses
Immediate
planes arrived with non-food items including 14,000 blankets, 1,000 cooking kits and 1,000 hygiene kits.
mobile clinics were launched, some of which were in tents as the hospitals had been destroyed.
a dedicated tetanus treatment zone was planned.
Long term
the government of the Philippines
promised to “Build Back Better; the strategy included relocating 1 million people away from coastal danger
employment and training provided to
those who had to change their livelihoods.
The creation of an umbrella organisation that oversees various government housing agencies – the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council.
June 2017 UK heatwave (The challenge of natural hazards - extreme weather and climate change)
Background information
in June 2017 the UK experienced its hottest June temperature since 1976 - 34.5 degrees celsius (~94 degrees F)
lasted from the 17th to the 21st of June
most of the heatwave occurred in England, most intensely in the southeast.
Impacts
Social impacts
increased cases of heat exhaustion, dehydration and heatstroke
about 598 people over 65 years old died as a result of the heat
an increase in air pollution worsened conditions for people with respiratory illnesses
extreme heat hindered, delayed and cancelled many trains and planes
multiple drownings occurred when people swam in open water trying to cool off
Economic impacts
transport issues meant many people were unable to get to their jobs
ice cream and cold drink sales increased (positive impact!)
the heat caused drought conditions which led to lower crop yield, affecting farmers.
Environmental impacts
the heat led to wildfires across the UK
high temps led to an increase in air pollution and smog, especially in/around cities
many animals like birds and mammals struggled to find water sources
Causes
high pressure to the east of the UK is thought to have brought a flow of hot air.
climate change may have made this heatwave much more intense - other parts of Europe also experienced hotter than normal temperatures that summer.
Management
staying out of the sun during the hottest part of the day
shut windows when it is hot outside
drink cold drinks regularly
Kampala - a major city in a LIC (Urban issues and challenges)
Earthquake case studies (the challenge of natural hazards - hazards and tectonic hazards)
2010 Haiti earthquake
Key details
took place just before 5pm on January 12th, 2010
measured 7.0 on the Richter scale
struck Haiti about 15km southwest of the capital, Port-au-Prince
shallow focus - depth of only 13km
Causes
Haiti sits on the border between the North American and Caribbean plates
the earthquake occurred at a fault that runs through the south of Haiti
Effects
Primary effects
160,000 people were killed, about 300,000 injured
90% of the capital's buildings were destroyed, including parts of the National Palace and a prison, allowing 4,000 inmates to escape.
much vital infrastructure was destroyed
Secondary effects
3 years after the earthquake, 400,000 people were still living in refugee camps
a cholera outbreak in a refugee camp led to over 9,000 deaths
slow distribution of resources resulted in an increase in crimes like looting
Responses
Immediate responses
appeals for emergency aid were issues by the UN
able-bodied survivors extracted living or dead neighbours from the rubble
Long-term responses
Oxfam, a charity, continues to work with Haiti in supporting employment and creating long term sanitation services.
Habitat for Humanity, an NGO, built 200 permanent homes within the two years following the earthquake.
the EU promised 330 million Euros for long term aid
2011 Christchurch NZ earthquake
Key details
took place on the 22nd February 2011 at 12.51pm
6.3 on the Richter scale, the shaking lasted for 12 seconds
the earthquake had a shallow focus of 5km.
struck New Zealand's South Island, epicentre was 10km away from Christchurch
Causes
New Zealand sits on the 'Pacific Rig of Fire'
New Zealand is located on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plate.
Effects
Primary effects
185 people were killed
over 50% of Christchurch's buildings were damaged
about 2,000 people suffered major injuries
Secondary effects
10,000 homes had to be demolished as they were unsafe
Christchurch could not host the Rugby World Cup matches it had planned to
liquefaction of soil in roads occurred, which took months for volunteers to clean up
Responses
Immediate responses
Long-term responses
The Indira Gandhi Canal
Background information
canal was built from 1958-1986
650 km long
the longest canal in India, transporting Himalayan water to the Thar Desert
Why was the canal needed?
the canal transports water to a desert where droughts are frequent, leading to both people and wildlife struggling.
water scarcity was very prevalent in the area.
Advantages of the canal
500,000 hectares of land are irrigated
the Pong dam on the Beas River stores water and generates hydroelectricity.
with water ensured, people in the area are able to focus on other areas of life, like education.
people in the area can grow a wider variety of crops and are therefore eating better.
Disadvantages of the canal
chemical fertilisers used by farmers run into canal water, leading to a health risk - increased cancer risk and an average 16 deaths a day from fertiliser runoff.
people who don't own land don't make money from the canal, and the water doesn't reach some remote villages.
excessive water use in irrigation has sometimes led to salinisation, which makes the soil infertile.
Sand dams in Mukimwani, Kenya
Why were the sand dams needed?
Mukimwani village's main water source was a river, so people had to spend 2-3 hours walking to get water each day.
almost 70% of the community depended on farming for their livelihoods, and due to limited water harvests had been poor.
a sand dam is construction that traps water during the wet season to be used during the dry season, resulting in a more reliable water source throughout the year. this is a sustainable, low cost way of increasing local water supply.