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Flare Systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - components
        
        Gas Transport Piping
        
        Knock-out Drum
        
        Liquid Seal or Flame Arrestor
        
        Flare Sweep or Purge Gas
        
        Flare Stack
        
        Gas Seal
        
        Pilot Burners
        
        Flare Tip
        
        Steam Nozzles
        
        Controls
        
        Flare Gas Recovery System
    - - Flaring is a high-temperature oxidation process used to burn waste gases containing combustible components such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), natural gas (or methane), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H₂). The waste gases are piped to a remote, usually elevated location, and burned in an open flame in ambient air using a specially designed burner tip, auxiliary fuel, and, in some cases, assist gases like steam or air to promote mixing for nearly complete (e.g., ≥ 98%) destruction of the combustible components in the waste gas.The elements of an elevated steam-assisted flare generally consist of gas transport piping (also referred to as flare header or gas collection header), utilities (fuel, steam, and air), piping from the base up, knock-out drum, liquid seal, flare stack, gas seal, burner tip, pilot burners, steam jets, ignition system, and controls.
    - - The flaring process can produce some undesirable by-products including noise, smoke, heat radiation, light, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), CO, and can be an undesirable potential source of ignition. However, by proper design, these can be minimized.
  - - - The typical flare system consists of:
        (1) a gas collection header and piping for collecting gases from processing units
        (2) a knockout drum (disentrainment drum) to remove and store condensables and entrained liquids,
        (3) a proprietary seal, water seal, or purge gas supply to prevent flash-back,
        (4) a single- or multiple-burner unit and a flare stack,
        (5) gas pilots and an ignitor to ignite the mixture of waste gas and air,
        (6) a provision for external momentum force (steam injection or forced air) for smokeless flaring.
    - - Flaring is a high-temperature oxidation process used to burn combustible components, mostly hydrocarbons, of waste gases from industrial operations. Natural gas, propane, ethylene, propylene, butadiene and butane constitute over 95 percent of the waste gases flared. Presented below, as an example, is the combustion reaction of propane: C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
    - - Noise and heat are the most apparent undesirable effects of flare operation. Emissions from flaring include carbon particles (soot), unburned hydrocarbons, CO, and other partially burned and altered hydrocarbons. Properly operated flares achieve at least 98 percent combustion efficiency in the flare plume, meaning that hydrocarbon and CO emissions amount to less than 2 percent of hydrocarbons in the gas stream. The tendency of a fuel to smoke or make soot is influenced by fuel characteristics and by the amount and distribution of oxygen in the combustion zone.
    - - https://www.zeeco.com/resources/brochures/enclosed-ground-flare
  - - - Proprietary, proven Zeeco investment cast burner heads using free-jet theory promote smokeless flaring with easy maintenance. - Innovative labyrinth shield design eliminates any line of sight into the combustion chamber. - Better air induction allowing higher destruction efficiencies compared to competing technologies. - Engineered for better air intake and the quietest flare choice without any radiation at grade. - Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and wind tunnel testing to simulate flame behavior. - Combustion Research and Test Facility ISO 9001-2000 certified for multifuel flare testing
    - - Designed and staged to fully utilize the available pressure in the waste stream. - Provides smokeless operation without steam, even when flaring heavy hydrocarbon gases like butadiene. - No line of sight into the combustion chamber, with enhanced air induction for efficient combustion. - Engineered for smokeless operation under varying amounts of pressure, flow, and gas compositions. - Use of CFD and wind tunnel tests to ensure stable, reliable flame behavior under various conditions.
    - - Minimize visible flaring impacts at the plant boundary. - Protect facilities, employees, reputations, and the environment worldwide. - Reduce noise and eliminate radiation at grade level. - Higher destruction efficiencies, reducing emissions of toxic compounds into surrounding ecosystems.