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BIO 4 Igcse - Coggle Diagram

- - - - passes through heart twice
      - pulmonary circulation (heart>lungs>heart) oxygenate blood
        
        Systemic circulation (heart>body>heart) deliver oxygen & nutrients to body cells
        
        advantage
        
        Blood pumped at higher pressure>faster delivery of O2 & nutrients.
  - - - Right atrium&right ventricle (deoxygenated blood)
        
        Deoxygenated blood from body>vena cava>right atrium>right ventricle>pulmonary artery>lung
      - Left atrium&left ventricle (oxygenated blood)
        
        Oxygenated blood from lungs>pulmonary vein>left atrium>left ventricle>aorta>body
    - - left ventricle thiker walls than right(pumps to whole body at high pressure
        
        coronary arteries, supply bloot to heart muscle
    - - smoking, diet, no exercise, etc
  - - - veins
        
        capillaries
        
        very thin(one cell thik)
        
        exchange(of substances) between blood & tissues
        
        thin, large, valves
        
        toward(deoxygenated)
      - thik muscular walls, small lumen
        
        carry blood away from heart(oxygenated)
  - - - platelets
        
        plasma
        
        yellowish liquid
        
        carries dissolved substances&blood cells
        
        fragments of cells
        
        help in blod clotting
      - larger, nucleus
        
        defence from pathogens
        
        types, phangocytes(engulf and digest pathogens)
        
        lymphocytes, antibody production
    - - carry oxygen
    - - carries: O2, CO, nutrients, hormones, urea
  - - - more O2 and glucose to muscles
        
        breathing rate increace
        
        more O2, remove CO2
- - - - antibody production, long lasting(memory cells made)
        
        passive(given antibodies(milk, etc))
      - vaccination
        
        weakende or inactive pathogen
        
        atibiotics
        
        overuse=antibiotic resitence
        
        complete atibiotic course to avoid
- - - - mitosis
        
        identical(geneticly) sons
  - - - fertilization
        
        sperm + egg=zygote
        
        in oviduct
        
        Placenta forms for exchange of nutrients, gases, & waste
        
        pregnancy
        
        Embryo implants in uterus wall
        
        Amniotic fluid protects the fetus
        
        Placenta and umbilical cord maintain life support
    - - sepals(protect buds)
        
        anther(produce pollen)
        
        filament(holds anther)
        
        stigma(reciev pollen)
        
        style(connects stigma to ovary)
        
        ovary(contains ovule)
        
        1 more item...
  - - - ovulation(release egg)
    - - estrogen(girls