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week 14 reading - Coggle Diagram
week 14 reading
Types of public health data
Single Case or Small Series
Reports on unusual cases or clusters of diseases.
Examples
Case reports
new disease outbreaks
Statistics and Reportable Diseases
Examples
Births
deaths
disease notifications
Essential for tracking health trends over time.
Surveys and Sampling
Data from representative populations.
Examples
National Health Interview Survey
BRFSS
Self-Reporting
Voluntary reporting by individuals.
Examples
Adverse drug reaction reports.
Sentinel Monitoring
Monitoring key indicators to detect outbreaks.
Examples
Influenza monitoring in specific populations.
Syndromic Surveillance
Identifies clusters of symptoms before diagnoses.
Examples
Monitoring emergency room visits
Criteria for Evaluating Website Information
Credibility
Source of information (e.g., government or research institution).
Accuracy
Evidence-based content, free from bias.
Currency
Recent updates and relevance.
Relevance
Appropriate for intended audience and purpose.
Combining Public Health Data
Role of Probabilities
Estimate the likelihood of health outcomes.
Utilities
Measure preferences for specific health states.
Timing of Events
Incorporates time preferences
Clinical Decision-Making Approaches
Inform of Decision
Clinician provides information, patient decides.
Advantage
Empowers patient
Disadvantage
Risk of poor choices
Informed Consent
Patient consents after detailed explanation.
Advantage
Patient is informed
Disadvantage
Requires high health literacy
Shared Decision-Making
Collaborative approach between patient and clinician.
Advantage
Combines expertise
Disadvantage
Time-consuming
Conceptual Framework for Social Media's Role
Information Dissemination
Sharing accurate health data.
Countering misinformation.
Community Building
Encouraging healthy behaviors.
Modeling positive health practices.
Behavioral Influence:
Connecting individuals with similar health interests.
Providing support networks.
Strategies to Mitigate Misinformation
Proactive Engagement
Health authorities actively participating on social platforms.
Digital Literacy Education
Teaching users to critically evaluate online health information.
Collaborations with Influencers
Partnering with trusted figures to spread accurate messages.
Research and Policy Implications
Need for Empirical Studies
Assessing social media's impact on health behaviors.
Policy Development
Creating guidelines for health communication on digital platforms.
Resource Allocation
Investing in tools to monitor and counteract misinformation.
Infant Mortality Rate and Life Expectancy
Meaning and Use
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births.
Life Expectancy
Average number of years a person is expected to live.
Limitations
IMR and life expectancy may not reflect disparities or overall health quality.
HALEs and DALYs
HALEs
Adjusts life expectancy for time spent in poor health.
Measures overall quality and length of life.
DALYs
Used to prioritize health interventions.
Accounts for years lost due to illness, disability, or early death.
Decision Trees
Principles for Construction
Represent choices, probabilities, and outcomes graphically.
Nodes
Decision points
branches
Possible outcomes
Uses
Evaluate cost-effectiveness or predict outcomes.
The Dual Role of Social Media in Public Health
Potential Benefits
Disseminates health information rapidly.
Engages diverse populations.
Facilitates health promotion campaigns.
Potential Harms
Spreads misinformation ("infodemics").
Amplifies health myths and falsehoods.
Undermines public trust in health authorities.
Perceptions and Information Interpretation
Ways Perceptions Affect Interpretation
Anchoring Bias
Availability Heuristic
Affective Bias
Risk-Taking Attitudes and Decision-Making
Risk-Taking Attitudes
Affect willingness to pursue interventions with uncertain outcomes.
Examples
Risk-averse vs. risk-seeking behaviors.