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CARDIAC FAILURE - Coggle Diagram
CARDIAC FAILURE
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- Cardiac Remodeling: Ventricular dilation and hypertrophy.
- End-Organ Dysfunction: Progressive kidney and liver damage.
- Pulmonary Congestion: Persistent dyspnea and possible right-sided failure.
- Fluid Retention: Edema (legs, ascites, JVD).
- Reduced Exercise Capacity: Decreased quality of life.
- Management: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics.
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- Severe Hypoperfusion: Profoundly low cardiac output, organ failure.
- Worsened Fluid Retention: Pulmonary and peripheral edema.
- Multi-Organ Dysfunction: Kidneys, liver, brain affected.
- Symptoms: Hypotension, cold extremities, oliguria.
- Compensation: Increased SNS and RAAS, worsening fluid retention.
- End-Stage: Requires transplant or mechanical support (e.g., LVAD).
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- Decreased Cardiac Output: Reduced stroke volume and ejection fraction.
- Neurohormonal Activation: Increased SNS, RAAS, and ADH to compensate.
- Increased Preload: Venous congestion due to poor forward flow.
- Decreased Afterload: Peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain perfusion.
- Myocardial Remodeling: Ventricular dilation and hypertrophy.
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- Reduced Perfusion: Low cardiac output leads to inadequate organ perfusion.
- Sympathetic Response: Tachycardia and vasoconstriction.
- Pulmonary Congestion: Shortness of breath, possible pulmonary edema.
- Kidney Dysfunction: RAAS activation leads to fluid retention.
- Symptoms: Fatigue, dyspnea, and reduced exercise tolerance.
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- Impaired Left Ventricular Function: Decreased systemic blood flow.
- Pulmonary Congestion: Blood backs up into lungs (pulmonary edema).
- Symptoms: Dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, frothy cough.
- Systemic Perfusion Maintained: Right heart compensates.
- Treatment: Diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors.
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- Severe Low Cardiac Output: Inadequate tissue perfusion.
- Symptoms: Hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse, confusion.
- Tissue Hypoxia: Multi-organ failure.
- Causes: Acute MI, arrhythmias, advanced HF.
- Treatment: Inotropes, vasopressors, mechanical support, revascularization.
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- Fluid Retention: Decreased renal perfusion activates RAAS and ADH.
- Pulmonary Edema: Caused by left-sided heart failure.
- Peripheral Edema: Right-sided or biventricular failure.
- Ascites: Fluid accumulation in abdomen (right heart failure).
- Management: Diuretics, RAAS inhibitors.
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- Definition: Abnormally high cardiac output despite heart failure.
- Causes: Anemia, hyperthyroidism, sepsis, AV fistulas.
- Increased Demand: Heart works harder to meet metabolic needs.
- Symptoms: Tachycardia, wide pulse pressure, fatigue, edema.
- Management: Treat underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics, thyroid regulation).
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- Definition: Ability of heart to increase output during stress.
- Decreased in HF: Limited ability to respond to increased demand.
- Assessment: Exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake, ejection fraction.
- Impact of HF: Reduced exercise capacity, fatigue.