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Essentials of Digestion and Cellular Metabolism I - Coggle Diagram
Essentials of Digestion and Cellular Metabolism I
I. Digestion
A. Definition
Breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action
Alimentary canal involved
B. Segments
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
a. Mouth
b. Esophagus
c. Stomach
d. Duodenum
i. Continuous with the stomach
ii. Function: aids ingestion and digestion
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
a. Small Intestines
i. Jejunum
ii. Ileum
b. Large Intestines
i. Cecum
ii. Ascending Colon
iii. Transverse Colon
iv. Descending Colon
v. Sigmoid Colon
vi. Rectum
vii. Anus
C. Other Digestive Organs
Liver: Produces bile
Gallbladder: Stores bile
Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes
II. Digestive Enzymes
A. Salivary Enzymes
Salivary Amylase
a. Breaks down carbohydrates
b. Converts amylopectin and amylose into maltose and dextrins
Lingual Lipase
a. Breaks down triglycerides
b. Active in lower pH values
c. Aids in fat digestion, especially in infants
B. Enzymes in the Stomach
Pepsin
a. Breaks down proteins
C. Pancreatic Enzymes
Pancreatic Amylase
a. Breaks down starch
Pancreatic Lipase
a. Breaks down triglycerides
III. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
A. Mouth
Salivary Amylase action
B. Stomach
Inactivation of Salivary Amylase
C. Small Intestine
Pancreatic Amylase action
Brush border enzymes
a. Complete digestion into monosaccharides
D. Large Intestine
Fiber breakdown by bacteria
Excretion of indigestible fibers
IV. Protein Digestion
A. Stomach
Hydrochloric Acid action
Pepsin action on proteins
B. Small Intestine
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin action
Absorption of amino acids
V. Lipid Digestion and Absorption
A. Stomach
Limited lipid digestion by gastric lipase
B. Small Intestine
Bile from liver
a. Emulsification of fats
Pancreatic Lipase action
Formation of micelles for absorption
VI. Regions of the Stomach
A. Cardiac Zone
B. Body
C. Pyloric Zone
Specialized cells
a. Mucus cells
b. Parietal cells
c. Chief cells
d. Neuroendocrine cells
i. G-cells
ii. D-cells
VII. Metabolism
A. Definition
Sum of all biochemical reactions
B. Types of Reactions
Anabolic
a. Building larger molecules
Catabolic
a. Breaking down larger molecules
C. Important Molecules
ATP
NADH
NADPH