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ENGE 3670 Language, Meaning & Text, discursive manipulation of reality…

- - - - form relationship with words/sentences, in and out
  - - - Form
        
        structural feature of a text
        
        eg. cohesion and coherence
      - Function
        
        language in use and its interpretation
      - Practice
        
        social practice
        
        small D: make meaning out of words
        
        big D: construct social identities and realities
- - - - utterances produced by two successive speakers in a way that the second one is considered related to the first one as an expected follow-up
- - - - grammatical cohesion
        
        1
        
        substitution (to replace a certain part of the sentence with usually a word)
        
        verbal (v) eg. do
        
        clausal (replace an expression) eg.so
        
        difference: substitution 會用一個字去代替repitition of a noun, verb or expression 但係ellipsis 係五會用野去代替
        
        nominal (n/np) eg. one
        
        ellipsis (omission of some structure of a sentence which can be easily understood or found from the sentence)
        
        (also nominal, verbal and clausal)
        
        referential coherence
        
        cataphoric （后）
        
        exophoric (not explicit)
        
        have to look outside the utterance to find what it refers to
        
        homophora: the specific meaning of what it is referring to is cultured or based on common knowledge but not from the context
        
        anaphoric （前）
        
        typically pronoun, can be definite "The"
        
        conjunctions
        
        adversative conjunction
        
        but, however
        
        causative conjunction
        
        as a result, because
        
        additive conjunction
        
        and, also
        
        temporal conjunction
        
        after, first
      - lexical cohesion
        
        collocation
        
        reiteration
        
        The repeated use of the same lexical item/phrase/sentence in the text to foreground the theme of the text + link up various parts
        
        using of synonyms
        
        lexical chains
        
        the use of semantically related words in the same text to create lexical chains to create the theme of the text or the context
  - - - not easy to measure => interpretative frameworks
        
        generic (our expectation on the text)
        
        cultural (our beliefs and values, experience with a specific discourse group)
- - - - flouting: no intention to deceive or mislead the listener and expect the listener to understand
      - violation: intend to mislead
  - - - locutionary force: what does the word mean literally (表面意思)
        
        perlocutionary force: what happens after the utterances are spoken/ the result
      - Illocutionary force: speaker's intention of uttering the words (言下之意)
    - - locutionary =/ illocutionary
    - - the result is beneficial to the speaker
      - the speaker takes his/ her perspective and controls the outcome
      - the action is harmful to the addressee
  - - - independence (not to be dominated)
      - involvement (the need to be treated as a normal supporting member of the community)
- - - - stereotyping
      - omission of minority voice
      - generalization
      - Othering
      - positive us and negative them
  - - - text 對應 description, interaction 對應 interpretation, context 對應 explanation
  - - - Dimension 2: Linguistic realization
        
        Dimension 3: Discursive strategies
        
        strategy of transformation (幫自己拉票)
        
        strategy of destruction (攻擊其他人)
        
        strategy of justification (推卸責任)
        
        levels
        
        stylistic level
        
        sentence level (subject object)
        
        word level --> pronouns? over-lexicalization? lexical chains?
      - how is the information presented
      - what is left out
  - - - Rationalization
      - Authoritization
      - Mythopoesis
      - Moral evaluation
- - - - independence: 同老闆講野
      - involvement: 好似同朋友講野甘
      - related to
        
        face systems
        
        Solidarity face system
        
        socially close, equal in status
        
        involvement
        
        Hierarchical face system
        
        one of them is more powerful
        
        勁個個用involvement, less powerful use independence
        
        Deference face system
        
        equal in status but socially distant
        
        independence
    - - multimodality
      - Intertextuality
        
        (shape the meaning of the text using other people's text)
      - heteroglossia (not homogenous)
        
        no one single internet language
- - - - deficit theory 其中一個gender既inherent deficit 導致
      - dominance theory: positioning of one gender being more dominant than the other
      - difference theory: there are inherent difference between the two genders
    - - ought self - who u think u r
      - ideal self - who you want to be
      - actual self - how does others view you
  - - - 1st order: direct language use explicitly to refer to identities (specific words/phrase)
        
        2nd order: indirect language use to reflect socio-cultural background (accent)
        
        3rd order: discourse associations and ideologies influencing language use
- - - - ideal: most salient + highest information value