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fig 1, sources - Coggle Diagram
fig 1
groundwater extraction
big driver of saltwater problems
distance from coast matters
affects aquifer thickness
can cause upconing
creates cone near well
controlled by pumping rate
more impact in high population areas
saltwater intrusion
already impacting places
landward movement
threatens freshwater
can be temporary/permanent
requires management/monitoring
worse in low gradient areas
driven by extraction
saltwater inundation
faster than intrusion
result of sea level rise
changes coastline
affects low gradients
critical for gradient <0.001
surface flooding of seawater
worsened by surges
sea level rise
long term process
changes hydraulic gradient
predicted 0.59m rise by 2099
takes centuries to reach equilibrium
uneven across earth due to currents, winds, etc.
saltwater wedge
controlled by hydraulic gradient
separates fresh from salt water
dynamic equilibrium
moves on pressure balance
responds to pressure changes
sources
reading
chatgpt