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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (3) - PUNISHMENT - Coggle Diagram
CRIME AND DEVIANCE (3) - PUNISHMENT
PURPOSES
DISCOURAGE REOFFENDING/ DETERRANCE
prison/ labelled 'ex-con' = undesirable consequence
to reform/ change by providing education/ training, anger management courses etc
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
brings victims + offenders together to repair harm, restore dignity and victim's self-respect + reduce their fear of being victim again; offender held accountable
used with youth offenders to prevent them entering prisons/ youth justice institutions
PROTECT SOCIETY
incapacitation: incl. imprisonment, execution, chemical castration etc.
'prison works' because it removes offenders from society + reduces chances of moral panic
BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE
durkheim
: punishment reinforces societal values, maintaining a value consensus
RETRIBUTION
'payback'; a justification for society taking its revenge on the offender for breaking moral codes
retributive justice increasingly seen with higher prison rates (doubled between 1970-2014)
also seen with politicians encouraging 'cracking down' and creating tougher punishments
CHANGING FORMS
FOUCAULT - SOVEREIGN TO DISCIPLINARY
when sovereign ruled, there were more brutal, public punishments to show power rather than deter crime
with declining sovereign power, disciplinary power came, where criminals are controlled + disciplined through surveillance
RUSCHE AND KIRCHHEIMER - CHANGES WITH ECONOMIC CHANGES
systems of punishment aligned with state of an economic system, so punishment reflects economic interests of the dominant class at the time
early middle ages
- punishments were religious penance, fines; workers in high demand, so incarceration wouldn't benefit land owners
late middle ages
- more capital punishment; rich needed to control the large amount of poor + unemployed, who were seen as threat to social order
17th century
- shortage of labour + development of prison; prisoners were used to produce goods cheaply to help with the gap in workers for the ruling class
GARLAND - REHABILITATION → RETRIBUTION
1950s gave way to 'penal welfarism', where offenders would be convicted and rehabilitated for their reintegration into society
1970s, however, led to punitive punishment, leading to a larger prison population
garland
: incarceration controls the population through 'culture of control' - controlling, preventing + risks of being a victim rather than rehabilitating criminals
links to right realism
- the need for stricter socialisation, harsher punishments + introducing measures to reduce opportunities for crime
↑ mass incarceration + ↑ transcarceration (individuals are locked in a cycle of control, e.g. being in care→ young offenders' institution→ prison)
changes in punishment arise from new consensus for more punitive policies
'penal welfarism' has been abandoned to convince the public that the state is 'cracking down' on crime and reassuring communities of their safety
EFFECTIVENESS
GARLAND
prisoners can be socialised into other criminals' values; prisons are 'universities for crime'
prison teaches offenders justifications for criminality + criminal techniques
prisons can have subcultures as a way of gaining status
people will become more criminal in prison→ ↑ reoffending rates
GOFFMAN
prisons are 'total institutions' - a closed social system organised by strict norms, rules + schedules
prisoners go through a 'mortification process', where they're stripped of their individual + collective identities from outside and given a new one to make them part of the 'inmate world'
such a process can lead to institutionalisation, where individuals get used to this way of life and embrace, becoming unable to function once released
BECKER
labelling theory suggests stigma for having been in prison before makes recedivism more likely as prisoners are given master status' of 'ex-con'
this master status can block legit opportunities and loved ones could shun individuals
negative labelling can make reintegration difficult