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Mountain building - Coggle Diagram
Mountain building
Determining deformation
Composition
sedimentary rocks will be more likely to undergo ductile deformation than igneous under the same conditions
Temp & Pressure
Under higher temps, rocks will be more likely to undergo ductile deformation. Pressure also plays a large part in how a rock deforms, with high pressure compressing a material, and low pressure allowing for more melt than deformation.
How stress is applied
With tension being applied, temperature and pressure had to be much higher than with compression, which lowered the threshold.
Fluids
Fluids inside of rocks under pressure resist said pressure, causing brittle failure in rocks that would have otherwise been ductile.
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Convergent Margins
Ocean-Ocean Collision: Volcanic island arcs are mountain chains made of volcanoes that form along subduction zones where two oceanic plate margins collide.
Ocean-Continent Collision: Continental volcanic arcs form along subduction zones where oceanic plate boundaries collide with continental plate boundaries and subduct beneath the continental boundaries.
Continent-Continent collision: When two plate margins of continental crust collide, the mountain chain that forms is a result only of folding and faulting of rocks, not volcanism.
Connections
Step 3:
Ocean continent collisions are where subduction happens, as the lighter continent crust floats above the heavier ocean crust.
Faults cut through all rock layers that were present at the time, signifying when they ocurred.
Step 4:
With the creation of mountains and the building of homes near them, it is imperative for engineers to develop structurally sound buildings, especially for major facilities that will be around for decades.
Mountains are very appealing visually, so it is interesting to learn about them
Step 2:
In mountains that form from continent collisions, there is often deformed rock due to the immense heat.
Faults can cause folds to be asymmetrical, as they displace one side from the other.
Faults often happen around areas that there is divergent margins, as the divergent plates rub against other plates nearby, creating faults.
Fractures, Joints, & Faults
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Faulting
A fault is a boundary between two bodies of rock, where there has been motion.
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Folds
Classification
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Overturned: If the fold is sufficiently tilted that the beds on one side have been tilted past vertical, and are sloping in the same direction
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Divergent Margins
Where plates are thinning and separating, systems of normal faults form. Mountain ranges can form when faulted blocks tilt backward or are lifted relative to the surrounding rock.