Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Week 14 - Coggle Diagram
Week 14
Health communications - the full range of uses of information in health, from data collection to decision-making
incomplete information - correct or accurate information that does not provide the full picture and may therefore be misleading
Collect
Public health data are collected in a wide variety of ways and these methods are often referred to as public health surveillance
Surveys-sampling
single case or small series
statistics and repotable disease
self-reporting
sentinel monitoring
syndromic survaellance
social media
Database - collection of data organized in such a way that a computer program can select and compile the desired pieces of data
This information can help describe problems, examine etiology, assist with evidence-based recommendations, and examine the options for implementation, as well as help evaluate the outcomes
Disinformation - false or inaccurate information that is spread deliberately to deceive
Misinformation - any inaccurate or false information which is believed by the user to be accurate
Present
Public health information is often presented as graphics, which may be combined with other ways to display information into an infographic
Graphical presentations can accurately inform, but they can also mislead us in a wide variety of ways
X–Y Graphics
are a popular and attractive method for presenting large amounts of information in a single figure
X–Y graphs may be drawn with lines that extend far beyond the data. This is known as extrapolation beyond the data. It assumes that events will continue to increase (or decrease) at the same pace beyond the information provided
Geometric Graphics
Column graphics are very good ways to display information, especially when there are only a limited number of potential categories of information such as coronary artery disease, cancer, stroke, and other
column graphics are often the best presentation of the data because they are the least likely to be misleading
Pie Charts
be very different in the two populations. Therefore, comparisons between these pies should talk about the “percentage of the pie” and not the “size of the piece of pie"
Preceive
Dread effect - perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being able to be visualized and its feared consequences
Unfamiliarity effect - perception of increased probability of an event due to an individual’s absence of prior experience with the event
Uncontrollability effect - perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring
SUCCESs, which focuses on the perception of ideas and identifies six principles of highly successful communications
SUCCESs stands for: simplicity, unexpectedness, concreteness, credibility, emotions, stories
Complied
Population health status measures - quantitative summary measures of the health of a large population, such as life-expectancy and HALEs
In the 20th century, two measurements became standard for summarizing the health status of populations: the infant mortality rate and life expectancy
Infant mortality rate - a population health status measure that estimates the rate of death in the first year of life
Today, many countries have achieved infant mortality rates below 10 per 1000, and a growing number of nations have achieved rates below 5 per 1000
The degree of success in reducing mortality among children aged 2 to 5 has not been as great
Under-5 mortality A population health status measure that estimates the probability of dying during the first 5 years of life
Life expectancy - a population health status measure that summarizes the impact of death in an entire population utilizing the probability of death at each age of life in a particular year in a particular population
We have seen increases in life expectancy in most countries over the last century
However, large declines occurred in sub-Saharan Africa in the late 20th century due to HIV/AIDS and throughout much of the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Life expectancy at birth in the United States declined by over a year during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Years of potential life lost (YPLL) - years of life lost usually before age 75 that are currently preventable
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) - a population health status measure that combines life expectancy with a measure of the population’s overall quality of health.
This measurement incorporates key components, including: mobility, cognition, selfcare, pain, mood, and sensory organ function
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) - a population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of diseases and risk factors
The WHO’s Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project has produced a number of important conclusions using DALYs: depression, chronic disabling diseases, cancers, motor vehicle and unintentional injuries, and obesity
Evaluate
The Internet is increasingly the primary source of public health information for the user
Before relying on a website for health information, you should look at: the quality of site, authors, information, relevance, timeliness, links, and privacy
Combine
Answers how likely and how importent
Utility scale - a scale that goes from 0 to 1, with 0 reflecting immediate death and 1 reflecting full health. This scale is used to measure the value or importance that an individual or a group places on a particular outcome
Expected utility - in decision analysis, the probability multiplied by the utility to produce a probability that takes into account the utility of the outcome
Decision tree - a graphic method for displaying the benefits and harms of two or more options for intervention
Decision-making
Also need to answer: How soon?
Most people view the occurrence of a bad outcome as worse if it occurs in the immediate future compared to years from now. Conversely, we usually view a good outcome as more valuable if it occurs in the immediate future.
Risk-taking attitudes Decision - making attitudes in which an individual or group consistently favors taking actions or avoiding actions that differ from the recommendations of a decision analysis utilizing probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events
Long-shot effect A decision- making attitude in which a decision maker perceives the status quo as intolerable and is willing to take an action with only a small chance of success and a large chance of making the situation worse
Risk avoider - adecision maker who consistently favors avoiding an action even when a decision analysis utilizing probabilities, utilities, and timing argues for the action
There are three basic approaches to using health information to make healthcare decisions. We will call these approaches inform of decision, informed consent, and shared decision-making