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Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry
Key concepts
Hydrocarbons
Saturated - containg single bonds only
Unsaturated - Contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds
Compound containign carbon and hydrogen only
Homologus series - Family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of CH2
Fucntional group - Part of molecule responsible for the molecule's chemical properties
Naming hydrocarbons
Classifying them
Aliphatic - carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
Alicyclic - Aliphatic compound where carbons atoms joined to eachother in non-aromatic ring structures, with or without branches
Aromatic - Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
Homolgus series of aliphatic hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes - has atleast one double carbon-carbon bond
Alkynes - has atleast one triple carbon-carbon bond
Naming aliphatic alkanes
All alkane have suffix -ane
Identify the longest continuous chain
Identify any side chains attatched, these are alkyl groups. The name is added to the parent chain
Add numbers before an alkyl groups to show the position on the parent chain
If there are two or more possible longest chains, the chain with the most branches is the parent chain
Naming alicylic alkanes
Prefix -cyclo is used to show that the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring structure
Alkenes are names using the same rules as alkanes, but the suffix is -ene
Alkyl group - Functional group containing atleast only carbon and hydrogen atoms, arrnaged in a chain, CH3 (methyl)
Naming compounds containg a functional group
Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms
Identify any functional groups/ alkyl side chains, and select appropriate prefixes/ suffixes
Number any alkyl groups and functional groups to indicate their positions
Priority of naming
1) Carboxylic acids
Prefix = Never has one
Suffix = oic acid
2) Aldehyde/ ketones
prefix = oxo(aldehydes) don't need ketone prefix
suffix = -al/ -one
3) Alcohols
Prefix = hydroxyl-
Suffix = -ol
4) Alkenes
Prefix = -en-
suffix = -ene
5) Alkyl chains
Prefix = -yl
Suffix - never has one
Representing the formulae of organic compounds
Molecular formula
Shows number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule
Doesn't show how atoms are joined together
Different molecules can have the same molecular formula
Empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
General formula
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologus series
You use to to generate molecular formula for any member of a homologus series
Displayed formula
Shows relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
Shows bonds between atoms
Structural formula
Smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
Shows which groups are bonded together
Skeletal
No carbon and hydrogen labels
No bonds to hydrogen atoms
Each line represents a single bond
The intersection of two lines is a carbon atom
End of a line is a CH3 group
Structural isomerism
Chain isomer - Chain isomersCompounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Position isomer - Functional group can be at different positions along the carbon chain
Some times two molecules containing different functional groups have the same molecular formula
Reaction mechanisms
Types of bond fission
Homolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons
Each atom has a single unpaired electron
An atom with an unpaired electron is called a radical
Heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
Atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion
Atom that doesn't take the electrons becomes a positive ion
Curly arrows
Show the movement of the electron pairs when bonds are broken
Fish hook arrows (half a head) can show homolytic fission
A full arrow can show heterolytic fission
Types of reaction
Addition - Two reactants join together to form one product
Substitution - Atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom of group of atoms
Elimination - Removal of a small molecule from a larger one, one reactant molecule forms two products