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Learning Outcomes,Instructional Design and ASSURE, ABCD Formula, ID MODELS…
Learning Outcomes,Instructional Design and ASSURE
Learning outcomes emphasize on precise statements that inexperienced persons must recognize, be capable of do, or fee via the cease of training.
It focuses on measurable achievements as opposed to vague intentions.
Its importance derives from
Guides Instruction: Help teachers structure lessons based on desired outcomes.
Example: Planning reading activities to improve presentation fluency
Align assessments: Make sure tests and assessments measure what has been taught.
Example: The grammar-focused results match the grammar-focused exercises.
Clarity of focus: Avoid unnecessary or extraneous content.
Example: For an essay
Focus only on argument structure. It's not an unrelated topic.
Set Expectations: Communicate clear goals to students. and increase motivation
Example: “By the end of this lesson, you will…”
The learning outcomes are designed to facilitate the acquisition of specific skills and abilities by students, emphasising the importance of recognising, performing and evaluating these skills at the conclusion of the training period. The outcomes are based on tangible, measurable outcomes rather than vague intentions.(Kennedy,2006)
Instructional design is the process of planning, organizing, and providing instructional materials and services to achieve specific learning objectives.
It draws from educational psychology, communication theory, and systems theory to meet learning needs.
Its purpose can be broken down to four branches:
Structured Learning Purpose: Ensures that learning is organized logically and follows a consistent sequence.
Example: Start with basic grammar before moving on to more complex sentence structure.
Learner-Centered Approach Purpose: Match students’ abilities, interests and prior knowledge.
Example: Use visual aids for students who learn best through visuals.
Efficieny Purpose: Saves time by focusing on key objectives and using effective strategies.
Example: Applying high-impact strategies such as active learning to passive discourse.
Assessment Alignment Purpose: Assessment ensures alignment with instructional objectives.
Example: If the goal is to write an essay, just avoid using multiple-choice searches.
Assure Model is a framework for instruction that incorporates media and technology while focusing on student needs.
A
nalyze Learners
Measure student characteristics (e.g., age, prior knowledge, learning styles).
Example: "English learners aged 14-16 who have some previous language skills but limited language skills."
S
tate Objectives
Clearly define what students will receive.
Example: "Students can write persuasive paragraphs with 85% grammatical accuracy and appropriate use of conjunctions."
S
elect Methods, Media, and Materials
Identify instructional strategies, tools, and resources to be used to achieve objectives.
Examples: Practice listening with videos, apps for vocabulary review, and activities for practicing language skills.
U
tilize Media and Materials
Plan how to use resources effectively in the classroom.
Example: Play a 2-minute video about global warming, then conduct a discussion with students using persuasive language.
R
equire Learner Participation
Plan fun, interactive activities.
Example: Put students in pairs for an exercise where one person is the customer and the other is the observer.
E
valuate and Revise
Check whether goals have been met and adjust future lessons accordingly.
Example: Use a rubric to review full text, note common errors (e.g. sentence structure), and plan grammar checking activities.
ABCD Formula
Audience: Who is learning? (e.g., “students”).
Behavior: What will they do? Use measurable verbs (e.g., “write,” “identify,” “analyze”).
Condition: Under what circumstances will they perform? (e.g., “given a list of words”).
Degree: How well will they perform? (e.g., “with 90% accuracy”).
ID MODELS
ADDIE Model
Analyze: Understand students and their needs.
Design: Plan learning objectives, activities, and assessments.
Develop: Create instructional materials (e.g. slides, handouts).
Implement: Provide instruction to students.
Evaluate: Evaluate effectiveness and make improvements.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Organizes learning objectives into cognitive (understanding), affective (attitudes), and psychomotor (competencies) domain names.
Example: Cognitive – “Analyze a character’s motivation in a novel.”
Backward Design
It begins with desired learning outcomes, then plans assessment and learning strategies to achieve them.
Example: First, teach “students will write a persuasive essay,” then outline how it should be evaluated and the steps to teach.
Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction
It includes steps such as gaining perspective, providing learning guidance, and motivating performance.
Example: Start with a prompting question to get students involved.
REFERENCES
Oklahoma State University Libraries Kennedy, D. (2006). Writing and using learning outcomes: a practical guide.
ASSURE MODEL | Technology for Teaching and Learning
ADDIE Model of Instructional Design
https://www.vidyalayaschoolsoftware.com/blog/2023/05/learning-outcomes-types-benefits-and-examples/
Some Examples for EL Learning
Learners will pronounce 20 words from the text with the correct stress and intonation.
Students will read a short story and identify the past tense verbs in the story with 90% accuracy.
Students will write a descriptive paragraph of 150 words using at least 10 adjectives.
Students will listen to an audio clip and correctly answer 4 out of 5 comprehension questions.
