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fragile enviroments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - tropical cyclones
      - volcanic eruptions
    - - climate change
      - deforestation
  - - - Lack of moisture reduces the abiity to recover if damaged
    - - DEforestation leads to large areas bing cleaered
      - Infertile soils makes difficult forplants to regrow
    - - Low temperatures reduce the ability of the enviroment to regrow
      - Rising temperatures leads to big changes in the enviroment
    - - Pollution and damage by tourist kill the coral and it struggles to re-stablish
- - - - the periods in earth can be
        
        ice age
        
        TAemperature and climate are colder in this age
        
        interglaciar age
        
        TEmperature and climate are hotter in this era
    - - Volcanic eruptoins
        
        Large-scale eruptions lead to lots of ash being ejected into the atmosphere
        
        Ash in the atmosphere blocks solar radiation, leading to a decrease in temperatures
      - Milankovic Cycles
        
        Long-term changes to the Earth's orbit and position. This changes how much solar radiation the Earth receives
        
        Earth orbit changes every 100 000 years
        
        Elliptical orbit leads tohotter temperatures (interglaciar age9
        
        More ciircular orbit leads coler periods (ice age)
      - Sunspot activity
        
        More concentrated sunrays lead to a higher temperature
      - Atmospheric dust
        
        Asteroids and meteors entering the Earth's atmosphere may increase the amount of dust, which decreases temperatures
  - - - Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow short-wave radiation from the sun through to the Earth's surface
      - This is absorbed by the atmosphere and Earth's surface and re-radiated as long-wave radiation
      - The greenhouse gases absorb some of the long-wave radiation (which we feel as heat)--> stops radioation from getting out to space
    - - methane
        
        Emited as part of decomposition
      - carbon dioxide
        
        volcanic eruptions, wildfires and respiration
      - Water vapour
        
        Evaporation from oceans
    - - Human activity is increasing the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
        
        More green house gases means a larger greenhouse effect which leads to higher temperatures
      - For example CO2 and methane levels have drastically increased
      - Human source of greenhouse gases
        
        Methane
        
        decay of organic matter--> manure, waste and landfill, crops
        
        Nitrus oxide
        
        Burning fossil fuels
        
        CO2
        
        burning wood
        
        deforestation
        
        CO2 traped in trees gets released when the tree is cut down
        
        burning fossil fuels
  - - - Agriculture
        
        Income and jobs in farming will be lower as there will be less yield of some crops because of higher temperatures
        
        Less food will as well lead to food shortages and malnutrition
      - setlements
        
        More settlements will need to be build for the people who don't have a house because of rising sea levels
    - - Natural hazard
        
        Changes in climate patterns lead to an increased frequency and severity of storms
        
        As well it leads to frequency of droughts increasing
      - Sea level rise
        
        Higher temperature increases the amount of glaciars and polar casquets melted emaning sea level rises
        
        This will lead to low liying costal area having a higher risk of flooding and higher beach erosion
      - Ecosystem change
        
        Biomes might shift further from the equator as cliate conditions change
        
        migration of animals to new zones because of changing climates will happpen.
    - - Health
        
        Increasing temperatures lead to more spread of diseases( deceases in the tropic move upwards as the temperature is higher)
        
        Heat waves and dehidration become more frequent
      - Homes
        
        Increased flooding and increased rate of storms lead to displacement of a larger number of people
      - Employment
        
        Less jobs in sectors as tourism and agriculture
    - - Using energy more efficiently and reduce energy usage
        
        This can be done by insullating houses or using efficient light bulbs
      - Improving flood defences
      - new protocols and agreements being put in place
        
        Earth summit
        
        Amis to stabilise green house gas levels
        
        Kyoto protocol
        
        Aims to reduce green house gas emitions
        
        Paris agreement
        
        Agreement which aims to reduce CO2 emisions
      - Encauraging use of electric or hybrid cars
      - Wildfire prevention training
- - - - human causes
        
        Overcultivation
        
        Too much cultivation in one area and normally constant cultivation of only 1 crop
        
        All nutrients of soil being taken up by crops stoping future vegetation to grow
        
        Deforestation
        
        Removal of trees and vegetation from a certain area.
        
        No shade from soil--> No roots keeping soil together
        
        More soil erasion leading to less infiltration of water
        
        Overgrazing
        
        Too many animals eating plants in the area which harms the enviroment
        
        land will become infertile
        
        Population growth
        
        More people means more animals and crops are needed increasing preessure on the land
      - natural causes
        
        Rainfall paterns
        
        Less predictable rainfall paterns leads t droughts, leading to vegetation dying due t lack of water
        
        Reduced vegetation
        
        No nutrients added to soil through decomposition making it harder for new plants to grow
        
        Soil Erosion
        
        Loss of nutrients happens when erosion is present
        
        Plans can't grow or stablish in heavely eroded land
      - https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/08/causes-of-desertification-edexcel-igcse-geography.png
    - - Enviromental
        
        loss of biodiversity
        
        Decreased variety of plants and animals
        
        Sedimentation in rivers
        
        Reduced plant growth
        
        soil nutrients are depleated making it harder for plants to grow
        
        Increased deforestation
        
        less fertile land leads to more land being needed leading to deforestation
      - Economic
        
        Increased rural poverty
        
        Dependence on aid
        
        Decreased income for farmers
        
        Faarmers yield gets reduced by desertification
        
        Decreased invesment in agricultural communitites
        
        Because of lack of money and investors not beeing interested
      - Social
        
        Food shortages
        
        Migration
        
        Dut to lack of food
        
        Malnutritions
        
        With less fertile land it is harder to obtain food leading to mal nutrition
        
        Conflict between migrants and local population
    - - Afforestation
        
        Reforestation reduces desertification in different ways
        
        effects
        
        replentishment of nutrients of foil
        
        increased animal and insect activiy, increasin soil quality
        
        roots help soil bind together
      - agroforestry
        
        Combination of agriculture with forestry
        
        effects
        
        Reduced soil erosion
        
        Organic mater adds nutrients to soil
        
        Decreased deforestation
      - Countour stones
        
        https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1080/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2022/07/contour-stones.png
      - Education
        
        Teach sustainable farming methods like agroforesty and crop rotation
  - - - Human causes
        
        Agriculture
        
        Areas being cleared for plantations such as palm oil
        
        Areas being cleared for grazing of catle
        
        Loging
        
        Trees are felled for timber
        
        Settlements
        
        As population grows more space and materials for houses are needed
        
        Mining
        
        Cleareance of land to obtain precious materials
        
        Road building
        
        Roads such as trans or highways are built on top of forests
    - - Social impacts
        
        better quality of life
        
        More income and jobs because of replacement of forest to more profitable industries
        
        More landslides
        
        This can elad to homes and roads being destroyed or blocked
        
        less food available
        
        Loss of potential medicines
        
        INdigenpus communitieshave less land to sustain their lifestyle
        
        More erosion and increased risk of flodding settlements
      - Economic impacts
        
        More jobs available
        
        REplacement of forest to build areas which can create jobs, for example factories
        
        More income for a country
        
        Export of goods from forest like timber or minerals leads to increased income
      - Enviromental
        
        less interception and inflitration
        
        reduced evaporisation which leads to less presipitation
        
        INcreased risk of landdslides
        
        Lack of roots means soil is not heald together
        
        Deforested areas used for crop growing normally only grow one crop leading to less biodiversity
        
        increased leaching of nutrients
        
        Increase in CO2 levels
        
        FEwer treees reducing CO2 evels leads to higher levels of CO2
    - - aforestry
        
        Combine agriculture and forestry which means that forest remain
      - Natonal parks
        
        Protected areas which protect forest and different ecosystems
      - Education
        
        Improve explotation and management of ofrests