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Philosophy - Coggle Diagram
Philosophy
Areas of philosophy
Epistemology- the question of what it is to know something, and what is necessary in order to be able to claim knowledge
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Political philosophy- debating what system of government is best, the nature of ideal societies, and arguing about what powers a government should have
Metaphysics-seeks to understand the basic nature of reality and determine what it means for something to exist
Ethics- the search and explanation of why some acts are right and others are wrong, and why some acts are better than others.
Logic- allows us to determine whether or not arguments make sense and lead to the conclusions they claim to support
Notions and words
Laws of Logic
Law of noncontadiction- A proposition and its opposite cannot be both true at the same time.
( A water bottle cannot be a book at the same time)
Law of Excluded third- From two contradictionary propositions, one is true, the other is false and a third proposition is impossible.
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Law of identity- each idea in reasoning must remain consistent with itself.
( a glass is a glass doesn't matter what)
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Connotation- The color of the word, or the emotional feel followed by the word
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Types of thinking
Induction( specific-> general) : reasoning that involves using specific observations, such as observed patterns, to make a general conclusion. example of induction is : I have not seen a fox the whole day, hence, there are no foxes here.
Abduction( offering the best/ most logical explanation): typically begins with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the set. example of abduction is : usually, my partner gets home from work at around six thirty, now is seven o' clock, he must be stuck at a traffic jam.
Deduction( general- specific): involves starting from a set of general premises and then drawing a specific conclusion that contains no more information than the premises themselves. An example of deduction is All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; Therefore Socrates is mortal
Deductive argument is an argument where the premises logically guarantee the conclusion. If A=B; B=C; then A=C
A sound argument is a valid argument that has true premises.
I love pizza; Pepperoni Is pizza; I love pepperoni.
An argument is valid, when the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Here it does not matter if it is true: example is : All dogs can fly; Benko is a dog; Benko can fly
Modus Ponens- an argument in the form " if A, then B; A is true; Therefore B"
Modus Tollens- an argument in the form" if A, then B; not B; Therefore not A"
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Logical Fallacies( fallacy means a systematic fault within arguments, leading them to be
weak in some sense.)
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Informal Fallacies
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Ad Populum/ Appeal to common practice- claiming something is true because it is a common practice. This bank is corrupted. But there is no difference with others, because they do this everywhere.
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Straw man- creating a distorted or simplified caricature of your opponent's argument, and then arguing against that.
Red Herring- Introducing irrelevant information to the argument to distract and lead to a different conclusion.
Slippery slope- assuming a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related (negative) events
If we legalize marijuana, more people will start to use heroin, then we'd have to legalize those too.
Hasty Generalization- drawing a general conclusion from a tiny sample. I just got cut by the woman driver in front. Women are bad drivers.
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