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Psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - aim is to gradually decrease the persons anxiety by exposing them gradually to the stimulus
      - based on counterconditioning - to unlearn the behaviour
      - PROCEDURE - 1. training deep muscle relaxation 2. building hierarchy of feared stimulus from least to most fearful 3. Imagining - patient imagines each part of the hierarchy either in vito or in vitro
      - Takes several sessions for SD to be effective
    - - panic is the principle of this treatment
      - patient is exposed immediately to the stimulus to interrupt avoidance which maintains the phobia
      - patient is exposed to stimulus which causes anxiety 2. patient is overwhelmed but it subsides 3. eventually patient realised that anxiety has dropped and there is no need for fear
- - - - Emotional - how someone feels e.g sadness, low mood, crying, loss of pleasure
      - Behavioural - hoe someone acts e.g social withdrawal, reduced appetite, insomnia, lack of personal hygiene
      - Cognitive - how someone thinks e.g slow muddled thinking, pessimistic views, impaired memory, suicidal
  - - - we need to change our thinking as depression is caused by faulty thinking
      - challenged becks cognitive triad - 4 phases
        
        increasing confidence and elevating mood e.g talking about successes
        
        Identifying negative thought e.g failure
        
        challenging automatic negative thoughts
        4.changing key attitudes and beliefs e.g turn positive
    - - depression is caused by the way you think
      - ABCDE model
        
        Dispute - interrupt the belief system
        
        Change EMOTIONS to be positive
  - - - Irrational thinking leads to depression
      - A - activating event e.g you pass your friend and they ignore you
        B - beliefs e.g rational = she didn't see me - irrational = she hates me
        C - consequences - e.g rational - happy and unbothered - irrational - worried/upset
      - If you think in this irrational way eventually it will lead to depression
    - - Beck (1987) proposed that people with depression have negative schemas, they tend to view the world in a negative way
      - 3 components to depression - negative view on self, world and future
      - distorted view on life and the bad is magnified and the good is minimised
      - faulty thinking
- - - - Repetitive actions done to reduce anxiety
      - e.g washing hands, checking things, counting
      - They believe something bad will happen if they don't do these actions
    - - Recurrent, and unwanted thoughts - cause anxiety
      - may be frightening or embarrassing
      - Hypervigilance - constantly looking for danger
      - Catastrophic thinking - worse case scenario
  - - - SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
      - SSRI increase levels of serotonin and block serotonin from being taken back up
      - Tricyclics - antidepressant
        
        increases both serotonin and noradrenaline
  - - - Abnormal brain structure
        
        OCD involves the THALAMUS and ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
        
        THALAMUS - controls CHECKING and SAFTEY
        
        when overactive, it increases motivation to check
        
        OFC - controls DESCION MAKING and WORRY
        
        When overactive, it worries too much
        
        BASAL GANGLIA - releases SEROTONIN-
        
        SEROTONIN makes us feel calmer and happy and when levels are too low, brain becomes overactive
        
        Responsible for motor control and communication is disrupted
      - abnormal of neurotransmitters
        
        SEROTONIN - has a calming effect on the brain - low levels means the brain is overactive
        
        DOPMAINE - linked to concentration - high levels means too much focus in obsessions and compulsions
        
        GILBERT et al (2000)
        
        first study to look at changes in the volume of the thalamus before and after treatment
        
        METHOD - compared 21 kids with OCD to 21 kids without OCD and compared the volume of their thalamus before and after treatment
        
        Used MRI scans and SSRI drugs which increase serotonin
        
        RESULTS - thalamus volume was larger in treatment naive patients with OCD but decreased after treatment
        
        SHOWS - OCD patients have an enlarged thalamus and drug treatments reduce it
    - - OCD is inherited
      - TWIN STUDIES
        
        Allows us to compare non identical and identical
        
        MIGUEL et al (2005)
        
        found MZ twins - 87% and DZ twins - 47% concordance rate
        
        Shows that genetics do play a role but not 100% means three is another explanation
      - COMT gene
        
        regulated production of dopamine - if it can't be regulated then dopamine is too high which leads to over concentrations
        
        Mutated gene
      - SERT gene
        
        Mutated gene
        
        lowers levels of serotonin - brain will be over active