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Physics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A gravitational force
        
        Pounds/newton
    - - Measuring cylinder (Liquid)
        
        L x W x H = cm cubed (Regular)
        
        displacement method (Irregular)
  - - - Not all gases have the same density
    - - More dense object will sink
        
        Same for solid liquid and gases
      - Less dense objects will float
- - - - fixed positions
      - vigorously
        
        they expand
    - - they move around faster/ more
    - - they heat the walls of a container more frequently and expand
  - - - work best in solids
        
        doesn't work that well in liquids or gas cause the particles move faster or further apart instead of vibrating
      - Increases when:
        
        Temperature difference across ends of bar is larger
        
        When the width of the bar is wider
        
        The length is shorter
    - - e.g metal
        
        because of the moving electrons when heated
    - - e.g. plastic. liquid, gas
        
        used in double-glazed windows and cavity walls
  - - - Convention currents
        
        when heated air moves up and colder air sinks
        
        volume of the warmer air increase so the density decreases
        
        so eventually everywhere will become heated
        
        gas
        
        day
        
        the land heats up faster than the sea so the warm land air goes up and cold sea air goes down
        
        night
        
        the sea remains warmer than the land, cause it cools down more quickly, so the warm sea air rises and cool land air sinks
    - - not solids because the particles aren't free to move around
  - - - cooler objects absorb thermal energy from hotter objects
    - - radiation doesn't
        
        vacuum
        
        transparent solids, liquids and gases
        
        colour and texture
        
        best
        
        dull
        
        black
        
        large surface area
        
        worst
        
        shiny
        
        white
        
        small surface area
    - - infrared to light energy
- - - - Movement of particles
    - - The larger the mass, the higher the total thermal energy
        
        Because there are more particles
    - - The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move
  - - - The average of the 2 different temperatures
        
        The larger the difference, the faster the thermal energy transfer
        
        comparing
    - - The larger the mass/ number of particles, the higher the temperature
  - - - SI unit of temperature
      - Scientist
- - - - Energy can't be created or destroyed
        
        only changed or transferred
      - When conserved the amount of energy (Joules) stays the same
    - - Potential energy
        
        Elastic potential energy
        
        Gravitational potential energy
        
        Chemical energy
        
        Nuclear energy
        
        Stored in the nucleus of an atom
        
        Stored in the atoms of a substance
        
        An object's height above ground
        
        When an object is stretched. When it's fully stretched it has the most EPE
      - Kinetic energy
        
        Thermal energy
        
        Sound energy
        
        Light/radiant energy
        
        Travels through waves
        
        Produced by vibrating objects
        
        Movement of particles. The faster they move, the more TE they have
      - Electrical energy
        
        P: When the electrical energy is stored
        
        K: When the energy is moving through circuits
      - Mechanical energy
        
        The sum of potential and kinetic energy
- - - - Hotter
        
        higher temperature
        
        particles are moving faster
        
        e.g tea, coffee
    - - lower temperature
        
        particles are moving slower
        
        e.g ice
    - - thermal energy has dissipated into the surroundings
        
        conserved in a different form
    - - hotter air will go to a place with colder air until thermal equilibrium
    - - When particles move more, they expand in all directions (expand)
        
        When they move less, they contract/ get smaller
        
        Thermal contraction
        
        When they contract, it move back in place
        
        gain thermal energy
      - E.g. Bridges, overhead cables and bimetallic strips
    - - faster between object that have a bigger temperature difference