Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

exam 4, These both mention logistic growth, These both mention logistic…

- - - - dipoloid partner
      - homologous chromosomes
      - size, shape, hereditary info
      - homolog dif parent
      - genes each set chromosomes determines genetic characteristics
    - - metaphase I
        
        bivalents random
      - metaphase II
        
        sister chromatids random
      - possibilities 2N
        
        humans 46 chromosomes
        
        2^46= 7.04 x 10^13
    - - prophase I
      - synaptonemal complex forms
      - mix genes on homo chrom
      - new combinations mot present parent
      - one chiasma occurs between every pair homo chrom
    - - new comb alleles each parent
      - heterozygosity
      - advantages
        
        genetic diversity
        
        bet-hedging novel environments
        
        mult deleterious alleles bunched and eliminated
        
        escape host-parasite neg impacts
      - pollination
        
        cross vs
        
        self
  - - - dominance
      - segregation
      - independent assortment
    - - unique genotype
      - genotype made of alleles
      - phenotype det by allels
      - no guarantee allele manifest
        
        heterozygosity
        
        1 of 2 genes detectable effect on organisms appearance
        
        other gene no discernable effect
        
        homozygosity
        
        both allele same
    - - allele segregated, separated in meiosis
      - gamete only one allele each gene
      - offspring inherit 2 allele for gene
        
        one each parent
        
        inherit homolgous chromosome
      - meiosis, 2 members gene pair seperate each other
      - gametes equal chance inherit either one of genes
    - - punnett square
      - visual representation of the offspring inheritance patterns
      - monohybrid cross bt 2 homozygous parents w diff alleles
    - - gene pairs that are not related segregate
      - gene pairs not linked separate ind
      - evidence provided from dihybrid cross
        
        3:1 phenotypic ratio each 2 alleles
    - - parental
        
        true breeding
        
        homozygous
      - F1
        
        first filial generation
        
        heterozyotes
      - genotypic ratio
        
        allele combinations
      - phenotypic ratio
        
        trait combinations
  - - - phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate bt those of parent homozygotes
      - snapdragons
        
        red x white = pink
    - - many pop more 2 alleles particular locus
      - punnett square theoretical crossing works similar
      - breeding experiments determine dominance
      - figure out alelles complex
    - - changes in genetic makeup individual
      - point mutation
        
        single nucleotide change
      - chromosome mutation
        
        deletion
        
        segments of chromosome lost
        
        inversion
        
        piece rotates 180
        
        translocation
        
        exchange of parts bt 2 non-homologous chromosomes
        
        transposons
        
        moveable genetic element
        
        jumping genes
    - - fail mix alleles across homologs
      - chromosomes inherited same as parent
      - only 2 gamete types possible rather than 4
    - - multiples genes one character
      - phenotype cumulative result combined effects many genes
      - ex abscisic acid
      - most traits
      - continuous variation
      - pop tend have normal distribution
    - - one gene interacts w another
      - may interfere or mask
      - ex digitalis petal color
        
        one gene impacts red intensity
        
        d light red
        
        D dark red
        
        pigment location
        
        w throughout corolla
        
        W spots nectar guide
    - - 4 haploid genotypes
      - not produced in = #
        
        recombinants less abundant
        
        parentals more abundant
    - - single gene w mult effects on phenotype
      - inheritance single gene visibly influences several traits
      - ex: awn of wheat
        
        wheat w awns have greater yield than those w/o awns
    - - selfer
        
        small petals
        
        flower early
        
        seasonal drought
        
        physiologically escape
      - outcrosser
        
        large petals
        
        flower late
        
        seasonal drought
        
        physiologically tolerant
    - - more than 2 copies of chromosome
      - autopolyploid
        
        failed meiosis
        
        self fertilization
      - allopolyploid
        
        meiotic error
        
        mismatch during mating
        
        second mating creates matched pairs
    - - wheat
      - result sequential hybrid doubling and quadrupling
      - original ancestral species had 14 chromosomes
      - durum wheat
        
        28 chromosomes
        
        tetrapoloid
        
        pasta
      - bread wheat
        
        42 chromosome
        
        hexaploid
        
        gluten for lofty bread
      - strawberry
        
        chemically induced
        
        prevent microtubule formation
        
        required for meiosis to occur properly
        
        produce diploid gametes
        
        during fertilization 2 diploid gametes fuse
        
        results in tetraploid
    - - polyploid mask deleterious recessive alleles
      - relax selection pressure
        
        accumulate mutations that eventually result in beneficial trait
      - 2 groups of ancient duplications
        
        common ancestor of seed plants
        
        common ancestor of extant angiosperms
- - - - all alleles every gene in pop make up gene pool
      - pop group individuals same region can interbreed w each other
    - - allele frequency
        
        number copies allele in pop divided by total number alleles for gene in pop
      - genotype frequency
        
        number individuals w particular genotype in pop divided by total number individuals in pop
    - - no new mutations
      - no genetic drift
      - no migration
      - no natural selection
      - random mating
    - - p squared + 2pq + q squared =1
      - p + q = 1
  - - - changes in pop gene pool from generation to generation
      - factors
        
        mutation
        
        natural selection
        
        genetic drift
        
        migration
        
        nonrandom mating
      - mutation
        
        change in one nucleic acids
        
        some apparent in pheotype
        
        source of all new alleles
        
        must be in gametes to be inherited
        
        male pollen sperm
        
        female ovule egg
    - - dimorphic
        
        2 phenotypes
        
        dominant recessive systems
      - polymorph= many phenotypes in pop
      - ex: Aquilegia
      - color variation
      - spur length variation
      - can be due to single nucleotide polymorphism
    - - random loss alleles
      - acts most strongly in small pop relative to lg
      - bottleneck effect
        
        lg pop diminished suddenly
        
        natural catastrophe
        
        migration
      - may increase in size again but unlikely to regain original diverisity
    - - plants "choose" their mates
      - pollinator vector
        
        pollination syndromes
      - some individuals reproduce more than others
        
        based on individual phenotypes
      - sexual selection
        
        male-male competition
        
        excess of pollen grains
        
        pollen tubes can interfere with one another
        
        female choice
        
        barriers on stigma surface preventing germination
    - - movement alleles in and out of pop
        
        immigration
        
        into
        
        emigration
        
        out of
      - can be impeded by
        
        environment
        
        life history
      - repercussions for
        
        GMO
        
        climate change
        
        speciation
    - - bottleneck from long distance dispersal
      - followed by adaptive radiation
      - ex: Hawaiian lobeliads
    - - allele selectively advatageous
      - over time, individuals 2 genotype able to reproduce more and grow in numbers
    - - selected by humans
        
        frequency desired trait
        
        elimination undesired traits
      - crop breeders thousands of years
      - ex brassica
- - - - population size (N)
      - exponential growth
        
        J-shaped curve
        
        unlimited resources
      - logistic growth
        
        S-shaped curve
        
        typical of pop that
        
        self regulates
        
        has carrying capacity (K)
    - - r= intrinsic growth rate
        
        relevant for r>0
      - N= pop size
      - K= carrying capacity
      - dN/dt= pop change over time
      - logistic growth
        
        dN over dt = r time N times the quantity one minus N divided by K
      - exponential growth
        
        dN over dt = r times N
    - - exponential growth
        
        dN/dt= rN
      - logistic growth
        
        dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K)=
        
        rN(1-N/K)
    - - r selected
        
        grow exponentially
        
        disturbed areas
        
        weedy
        
        annuals
        
        little investment in defense
        
        many, small fruits
      - K- selected
        
        fluctuate around carrying capacity
        
        fairly stable habitats
        
        perennials
        
        invest in defenses
        
        resource- intensive fruits
    - - plants must make trade offs due to environmental necessities
      - many strategies exist
      - grimes model
        
        stress
        
        resource availability
        
        water
        
        nutrients
        
        light
        
        growth inhibitors
        
        temperature
        
        toxins
        
        disturbance
        
        biotic
        
        herbivory
        
        pathogens
        
        anthropogenic
        
        abiotic
        
        fire
        
        wind
        
        3 life stages
        
        C- competitiors
        
        S- stress tolerators
        
        R- ruderals
  - - - to predict if pop grow or shrink, ecologist need know birth & death for organisms at diff ages as well as current age and sex makeup of pop
      - life tables summarize birth & death rates for organisms at diff stages of their lives
      - pop age structure- are there lots of: young individuals? Old Individuals? reproductive age individuals?
      - pop growth rate- how fast is pop size growing (or shrinking)? Pop survivorship patterns- does most mortality occur in very young? Very old? equally across all ages?
    - - x= age
      - Nx= number individuals alive at age x
      - Sx= proportion individuals of age x that survive to age x+1;
        
        N x+1/Nx
      - Ix= proportion of individuals that survive from birth to age x
        
        Nx/N0
      - Fx= average number of offspring born to a female while she is age x
      - Ix(Fx)= average number of offspring per capita at age x
      - Ix(Fx)X= average number of offspring per capita at time x, weighted by age x
    - - calculate net reproductive rate R0
      - calculated by taking sum of offspring/individual column
      - represents expected number offspring individual will produce over its lifetime in pop
      - If R0>1, pop size +
      - If R0<1, the pop size -
      - If R0=1, pop size does not change
    - - calculate mean generation time (G)
      - calculated by taking sum Age-weighted fecundity column then dividing by net reproductive rate
      - represents average time bt two consecutive generations in lineage of cohort
      - average age bt parent and offspring
      - for humans, typically 20-35 years of age
    - - calculate intrinsic growth rate
      - calculated taking natural log net reproductive rate divided by mean generation time
      - If r>0, pop size increases
      - If r<0, pop size decreases
      - If r=1, pop size does not change
    - - how long did individuals survive
      - visual representation survivorship
      - type I, typical of K-selected species
      - Type III, typical of r- selected species
      - dependent on environment
      - same species can display all 3
    - - survivorship curves are plotted logarithmically
      - take survivorship (Ix) and multiply by 1000
      - take log 10 of this value
      - plot against age to produce a figure
      - Ex: type I curve
    - - community
        
        group actually or pot interacting species living in same location
        
        bound tgth by shared env and network influence each species has on other
        
        factors affecting interactions include
        
        abiotic env
        
        biotic interactions that occur bt species
      - biotic interactions bt species
        
        range interactions
        
        beneficial interactions+
        
        negative interaction-
        
        facilitation (+/+)
        
        benefits both
        
        mutualism
        
        pollination
        
        commensalism (0/+)
        
        benefits one, neutral to another
        
        ammensalism (0/-)
        
        negative one & neutral to other
        
        competition (-/-)
        
        both negatively impacted
        
        competition fro resources
        
        predation (+/-)
        
        herbivory
        
        parasitism
        
        predator- prey interactions
        
        predator
        
        P
        
        Negative impact on prey
        
        positively impacted by prey
        
        prey
        
        N
        
        positive impact on predator
        
        negatively impacted by predator
        
        population sizes influenced by each other
        
        growth models
        
        r= intrinsic growth rate
        
        N=pop change over time
        
        K= carrying capacity
        
        dN/dt= pop change over time
        
        exponential growth
        
        logistic growth
        
        can similar model predator prey growth and impact each has on other
        
        predator-prey cycling
        
        low prey and predator pop sizes, prey increase exponentially
        
        more food for predators is available, predator survival and reproductive success increases, resulting in predator pop growth following that their prey
        
        predator pop increases, prey death rate exceeds birth rate, resulting in prey decline
        
        prey number declines, there in not enough food to sustain high predator pop and thus predator death rate exceeds that of birth rate
        
        Lotka- Volterra models
        
        dN/dt= rN-aNP
        
        dN/dt= rate of change with time of prey pop
        
        r= intrinsic rate increase prey
        
        N= number prey individuals
        
        a= predators per capita attack rate
        
        number prey eaten per predator per unit time
        
        P= number predator individuals
        
        dP/dt= faNP-qP
        
        dP/dt= rate of change with time of predator pop
        
        f= constant, indicating predators efficiency at converting prey it has eaten into new predators
        
        q= predators per capita mortality rate