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Social Causes of Crime, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) - Coggle Diagram
Social Causes of Crime
Labelling
Linking to stereotypes. This is when a majority group, considers a minority group as inferior, using inferior terms.
labeling theory: Becker (1963): This theory explains that someone's perception of themselves, originates from words that others use to describe them. They are expectations from other people, fixed onto ourselves.
Giving a negative label in terms of criminal / anti-social behaviour means that there is a stigma that they should behave a certtain way.
Retrospective Labelling: going back into someone else's past and relabelling them / relabelling early actions
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5 stages of labelling: (A) The individual is publically labelled as being deviant, leading to rejection from social groups (B) Encourage further deviance (C) The respondent is officially treated asa deviant (D) A deviant career emerges, and is completed when the individual joins an organised deviant group.
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Stages of SFP
Labelling: A false label is given by the perceiver, and the person is expected to behave in a certain way.
New Behaviour: There is a new behaviour that is affected by the label. The perceiver behaves in ways that will show the behaviour.
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Pygmalion Effect:
a positive type of self-fulfilling prophecy, but it focuses on how one person's expectations of another person can influence their behaviour- higher expectations lead to better performance.
Conducted an experiment in an elementary school (natural experiment. They told the teachers that some students in their class were “intellectual bloomers” (students that were expected to show high levels of intellectual growth. The students were given IQ tests so the teachers thought that the results had come from the test. However, the test was random, the students were falsely identified.
At the end of the school year the students were given another IQ test. The students that were labelled as “intellectual bloomers” made greater academic gains compared to the rest of their peers- the teacher’s provided them with encouragement and support-leading to improved performance.
Seld-Defeating Prophecy:
This is the opposite of a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is when an individual receives negative feedback, but instead of allowing the feedback to produce negative behaviour, they do the opposite of what the label is expected of them. The person defeats and overcomes the expectation.
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