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AUGUSTIAN AGE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sir Robert Walepole became the most important minister to the King, who gives him the title of "prime minister"
        
        he was friend to both kings (George I and George II) they trusted him a lot and he was appreciate by the parliament as well
        
        thanks to him England goes to a period of richness and stability
        
        strongly opposed war, that's manly because wars are really expansive and England had bad financial situation
        
        to fix financial problems he promoted trade and tried to reduce taxes
        
        Religious tolerance, he was protestant but believed in religious tolerance
        
        1721-1742
        
        He was given a house, 10 Downing Street, and nowadays the prime minister still live there
        
        his government was one of the longest in English history
    - - The electorate of Hanover was part of the Holy Roman Empire
        
        it was ruled by an elector, George I, that could vote for the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
  - - - they believed in Constitutional monarchy and religious tolerance
        
        and they evolved into the Liberal Party in the 19th century
      - supported by the new social classes, merchant, intellectuals...
    - - the Whigs were cattle drivers
        
        usually stole horses
      - The Tories were irish bandits
    - - They were more conservative so they opposed significant political reform
        
        they became the foundation of the modern Conservative Party
- - - - you could read the latest news, strike business ideas, attend scientific lectures, find philosophical...
        
        there were newspaper and periodicals
        
        newspaper =were like the modern one, they were published daily and they talked only about short information
        
        periodical= were published weekly with different topics, an example is Daniel Defoe with “The Review”
        
        it's the age where prose becomes important
        
        writing is considerate a profession and prose acquires a new conversational tone
        
        writers and journalist, through their writing, promoted the virtues, values and idea
        
        easier to understand
        
        during this period there's the birth of NOVEL
    - - it's the age where is diffused the idea of "self-made man"
        
        richness is a symbol of success
    - - Age of trade and commerce, the middle class starts to acquire importance
        
        some of middle class people managed to become upper class, like aristocrats and nobles
        
        it's also time of new explorations, the most famous explorer of the time is Capitan Cook
        
        people were really interested in this, they read about it and this interest reflects in literature too
        
        Woman had more freedom than in Europe, they had more possibilities to leave the house
        
        he was an important explorer of the time and created the first maps of New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii
      - the merchant class becames really important
        
        new upper classes and possibilities of changing social status
  - - - Parlament approved the "Gin act" to fight this drinking problem
      - The most important product that comes from Hanover is Gin
    - - religious movement founded by Charles and
        John Wesley, people approached religion with method, this movement believed in helping the poor
  - - - more flexibility among the social classes
  - - - also age of science, scientific revolution, the scientist start using the experiential method
        
        thermodynamic, Newton's laws
        
        witch is an empirical method
        
        you have to question and test things, to give proofs
        
        reason is seen as a way to change and improve the world, it's period of Enlightenment (illuminazione)
- - - - This was the war that lead to the resignation of Robert Walpole
        
        He was sostituited by Wiliam Pitt that had an opposite vision
        
        he believes in war so gives importance to military power and colonial expansion
        
        He thought that to become a great country they had to fight like france and spain.
        
        he used another policy for the management of the colonies called mercantilism, which was an aggressive way of trailing
        
        he exported more of what he imported, this has allowed to accumulate lots of gold in england, but above all(=soprattutto) in the colonies
        
        forced to resigned to his office
      - some countries like Prussia, Spain and France didn't approved
        
        England supports Austria aganist them, this war was a way to fight against other colonial powers
  - - - During this conflict England changes alliances and allies with Prussia, that was a new very powerful country
        
        1763, Treaty of Paris, England becomes the leading country in the world
        
        Acquires Canada and more control over India, from Spain England gains Florida
        
        Thanks to this conflict, England gains a very strategical position in the world
        
        From the electorate of Hanover, england became part of the holy roman empire.
        
        England wanted to expand his territories and India began to be one of his most important colonies
        
        France lost canada and lost Louisiana which was taken by Spain
        
        Prussia can deal with problems in Europe while England can invest it's energy to expand around the world
  - - - the Jacobite rebellion will be the last attempt, Bonnie Prince Charlie will try to get back to the throne supported by France
        
        but he will be defeated at the Battle of Culloden Moor
      - 1688 is an important year because the Jacobite rebellion started with the “Glorious revolution ” in the same year, and was the last rebellion
- - - - Most people are able to read
      - you pay a fee and you sit there reading
  - - - Characters: the protagonist is always middle class, and have a name and a surname
      - The novelist
        
        Daniel Defoe, realistic novel
        
        LITTERATURE
        
        He starts writing novel at the age of 60, and his experiences are reflected in fictional stories
        
        All stories about recognitionisable, individual characters with problems
        
        His characters often appear in isolation and often struggle
        
        1 more item...
        
        His novel are realistic, they recreate the effect of something real and his novel are fictional autobiographys
        
        Sometime they pretended they were true stories
        
        (restrospective first-person narrator)
        
        Robinson Crusoe
        
        Is a novel about identity, and Crusoe is the new homo oeconomicus
        
        The novel is inspired by the story of Alexander Selkirk, his story was already well-known
        
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        In the first chapter the middle class is called "a middle station in life" by Robinson's father
        
        Robinson rebels against his family, they want him to become a lawyer but he starts traveling and want to become a business man
        
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        He is many things:
        
        prototipe of a colonizer: he’s racist and is an economic man typical of the middle class of the 18th century
        
        pragmatic man/practical man: he’s materialistic, rational, hardworking man
        
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        perfect puritan: he believed in handwork (prayer), discipline, predestination
        
        The journal
        
        Robison finds himself shipwrecked on a desert island where there was no one to help him
        
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        MOLL FLANDERS
        
        is the third novel written by Defoe
        
        the main character is Moll
        Flanders, the female counterpart of Robinson who is a portrait of an 18th century’s woman
        
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        the main theme of Moll Flanders’ novel is how difficult it is for a poor woman to survive without a family in the society of the time
        
        Moll in the story tries to find her role in the society but it wasn't simple
        
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        LIFE
        
        His all life was hunted by debits
        
        He was a Whig and started to write about his political opinion
        
        But Queen Anne doesn't like his political opinions and has him arrested
        
        1 more item...
        
        in particular he wrote about resolving the "problems" of Dissenters in a violent way, people agreed with him, but he wrote that in a satirical way and when people discovered it weren't happy
        
        Most of this novel were written to make money, written fast and Defoe until his death is hunted by his creditors
        
        Defoe basically provides his readers what they want and expect to read
        
        Daniel Defoe was born in 1660, in London, and was originally christened Daniel Foe, changing his name around the age of thirty-five to sound more aristocratic.
        
        He was born in a very religious family, they were protestant but dissenters
        
        He couldn't go study in certain school so he studied Newton Green, a dissenting school were he was taught practical subjects
        
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        Jonathan Swift, utopian novel
        
        Samuel Richardon, epistolary novel
        
        Henry Fielding, piquarest novel
        
        Laurance Sterne, anti-novel
      - Characteristic: it has to be understood widely, realistic or with a realistic narration, speed and copiousness, didactic and moral concern, enterteinment
- - - - English artists often quoted latin writers such as Horace, Virgil and Ovid
      - during this period virtues like politeness, civility, simplicity, moderation, elegance and wit become very important
        
        to be accepted in society you have to be a gentleman
        
        it wasn't just a positive period, in fact politics was very corrupted, politician used often bribing and the vote during political elections wasn't secret
        
        regadless this was a golden age