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DISEASE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE GENITAL AND URINARY TRACT, Diseases that…
DISEASE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE GENITAL AND URINARY TRACT
STRUCTURE OF THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Vagina is the organ for micoorganism entry
Colonized by various microorganisms, depending hormone levels
Male reproductive system
Penis and urethra are the organ for micoorganism entry
Regions above prostate are sterile
Urinary system
Other urinary organs are sterile
Microorganisms in the urethra can move up to infect the kidneys
Urethra supports colonization by some microorganisams
Staphylococcus
Lactobacillus
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND DISEASES
Bacterial STDs
Syphilis
Virulence factor
Has glycocalyx- protect from phagocytosis by leukocytes
Hyaluronidase- enable Treponema to infiltrate intercellular space
Have primary, secondary, latent and tertiary stage
Transmitted via sexual contact and infected mother to fetus
Caused by
Treponema pallidum
Diagnosis
Clinical samples are hardly observed under microscope
Specific antibody tests against antigen
Treatment
Penicillin G does not work for tertiary syphilis
Penicillin G
Chlamydia infections
Diagnosis
PCR detection of chlamydia DNA
Adolescent infection increases cervical cancer risk
Treatment
Proper condom usage
Antimicrobial drugs
Caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
Sign and symptoms
In men- epididymitis and orchitis
In babies- Trachoma
Severe form- transient genital lesion and bubo
In women- asymptomatic
Gonorrhoea
Sign and symptom
in women, 50-80% of infected women have no symptom or obvious signs of infection
In men, extremely painful urination and purulent discharge occur after 2-5 days of infection
Treatment
Prevented with safe sex practices
Broad-spectrum cephalosporin
Caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Diagnosis
In women, genetic probes are used to diagnosed asymptomatic infection
In men, presence of gram negative diplococci in pus from an inflamed penis to diagnosed symptomatic gonorrhoea
Slightly more common in males than females
Viral STDs
Genital warts
Genital warts cause nearly all cervical cancers as well as some vaginal, oral, penile and anal cancers.
Harmless growths of the epithelium of the skin on the face, trunk, hands, feet, elbows, knees or genitalia
Papillomas ranges in size from almost undetectable smalls bumps to giant, cauliflower like growth called
condylomata acuminata
Diagnosis
Pap semar for women in early detection of cervical cancer
Treatment
HPV vaccine
Incubation time 3-4 months
Caused by
human papillomaviruses (HPV)
and most common among young adault
Prevented by abstinence
Genital herpes
Sign and symptom
Fever
Malaise
Myalgia
Decreased appetite
Diagnosis
PCR to detect DNA of virus from blister sample
Treatment
Daily dose of acyclovir or other antiviral agents over a 6 to 12 month period
Infected pregnant mother- birth through caesarean section
Some viruses remain latent as circular DNA within ganglia, become active and triggering recurrent lesions
Have numerous small blisters which are filled with clear, straw-coloured fluid and painful ulcers
Caused by
human herpesviruses (HHV, genus Simplecvirus)
NONVENEREAL DISEASES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Bacterial vaginosis
Sign and symptom
Itching and irritation of the vaginal opening
Homogenous white vaginal discharge with a "fishy" odour
50% asymptomatic
Diagnosis
Presence of clue cells- Vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacterial vaginosis
Caused by normal lactobacilli of the vagina that are replace with Gram positive
Gardnerella vaginalis
and
Mycoplasma hominis
Treatment
Oral or vaginal metronidazole or clindamycin
Reestablishing the normal vaginal microbiome and pH
Vaginal candidiasis
White plaques on the affected tissue
Diagnosis
Demonstration of clusters of budding yeast and pseudohyphae
Based on symptoms
Commonly caused by
Candida albicans
Treatment
Vaginal candidiasis- Use azole suppositories or cream
Oral candidiasis in infants and children
Estimated 75% of women will experience candidiasis at least once
Staphyloccocal toxic shock syndrome
Individuals go into shock if untreated
Sign and symptom
Sign
Chills
Sudden onset fever
Vomitting
Diarrhoea
Symptoms
Low blood pressure
Confusion
Most cases in menstruating women, newly delivered mother and surgery patients
Caused by
Staphyloccus aureus
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Bacterial urinary tract infections
More common in female than male
Diagnosis
Based on the urinalysis
Presence of bacteria, leukocytes and erythrocytes
Sign and symptom
Symptoms
Can infect all of the urinary tract
Urine may be cloudy, bloody with foul odour
Frequent, urgent and painful urination (dysuria)
Sign
Fever
Chills
Nausea and vomitting
Common caused by
Escherichia coli
Many cases resolve without treatment
Streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis
Some antibody-antigen complexes against group A streptococci strains are not removed
Irreversible kidney damage can occur in adult
Caused by the inflammation of the glomeruli and nephrons
Produce hypertension and low urine output
Leptospirosis
The disease may develop 2-26 days
Sign and symptom
Symptom
Myalgia (muscle pain)
Muscle stiffness
Sign
Headache
Abrupt fever
Zoonosis- A disease primarily seen in animals that spreads to humans
Diagnosis
Antibody staining spirochete
Treatment
Less severe- Oral docycycline, ampicillin or amoxicillin
More severe- Intravenous penicillin G
Vaccine for animal
Caused by
Leptospira interrogans
(aerobic spirochete)
Rarely fatal but mortality rate due to kidney and liver failure
Occur in the urinary system
Diseases that occur in reproductive system male and female