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PPT 16 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - They have rain catchment systems
      - Recycle greywater
        
        They called it Newater in order to try to change people’s attitudes to drinking used toilet water.
      - Desaliniation
      - Taps of water
        
        • Tap 1: Imported water. 50% of the supply. In 2016, they turned if off over concerns about water security.
        
        • Tap 2: Recycled ‘Newater’. 30% of the supply. Have had to do a marketing campaign in order to make the public happy with drinking it.
        
        • Tap 3: Desalination. Environmental concerns? 10%
        
        • Tap 4: Rainwater catchment. Blocked off the mouth of the river to prevent water from flowing out to sea. 60% of the supply, the entirety of Singapore is a massive basin.
- - - - Hard engineering
        
        Artifical structures to modify water supplies
        
        Water transfer schemes
        
        Mega-dams
        
        Desalination plants
        
        Can be used by any country with a coastline
        
        Saltwater cannot be drunk as it reduces the moisture in your body
        
        Mass desalination of seawater could significantly increase the available supply of water
        
        Process
        
        Desalination is taking seawater, passing it through a series of desalination membranes, and then pumping.
        
        Extracting sea water and removing salt and impurities via reverse osmosis
        
        Salt molecules cannot pass through the (plastic) membranes and pure water is left behind.
        
        Issues
        
        This is a highly energy intensive process
        
        To get water to pass through the plastic membrane, it must be at a high pressure
        
        Requires energy, which must then be paid for via increasing the price of water.
        
        1 more item...
        
        If the energy is sourced from fossil fuels...
        
        3 more items...
        
        Leftover 'brine' is dumped back into the sea
        
        This impacts the processes in the natural area surrounding the desalination plants
        
        Hypersalinates the water around the desalination plant
      - Soft engineering
- - - - Hydroponics may be a potential solution to our issues
      - a. Crops can be grown vertically, in water.
      - b. Crops are grown in a controlled environemnet, so limited evapouration.
      - c. Water vapour is collected and reused.
      - d. Crops are drip fed and only provided with the water necessary- no waste.
      - e There is an issue, because plants are grown within a controlled space, the process is energy intensive. With limited renewable energy technology currently in use, it is considered unsustainable.
    - - Empowering the farmed with water knowledge can be the cheapest, and most sustainably effective, methods of managing water demands.
      - For example, the simple method used in the Atacama
        
        Uses mist to gain water, mist at the top of mountains with ‘catchers’ which then drain into filter tanks on the way to the Aloe Vera.
    - - Worsks to eliminate wasted water
      - The smart water system is comprised of its own server and rain monitor which automatically adjusts irrigation schedules based on real-time weather data
      - Not recycling; not wasting
        
        Modern day drip irrigation systems offer 80 to 90% water efficiency, compared with 40-50% efficiency achieved with open irrigation.
- - - - South-North water transfer scheme
        
        Details
        
        1/3 of China’s 1.4 billion people live in the north.
        
        b. The north is a dry, thirsty environment (lots of industry, people and pollution).
        
        c. Canal is 3000 Km long.
        
        d. Supplies 500 million people.
        
        Most water is of grade 1 or 2 standard
        
        Negatives?
        
        Great number of towns and villages had to be demolished
        
        Businesses shut down
        
        Fears that rivers in the South will dry up.
- - - - Some parts of Australia have water restrictions that encourage shorter showers, this is dur to the droughts that limit water supplies.
      - Local governments try to encourage Australians to limit their showers to 4 minutes. Some counties issue free water timers.
      - a. Digital and physical.