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9963642, 9965489, Bullen M. (2014, July 15) What is Instructional Design…

- - - - ADDIE is an instructional design model that helps instructors, instructional designers and training specialists plan and create instruction.
        
        Analysis
        :pencil2:
        
        ''Clarify the instructional goals and objectives and identify the learning environment and learner’s existing knowledge and skills'' (Stansberry, 2018).
        
        Analysis generally consist four sub-phases:
        
        1- Instructional Goals
        2- Instructional Analysis
        3- Learner Analysis
        4- Learning Objectives
        
        Design :pen:
        
        ''Development of learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning and media selection'' (Stansberry, 2018).
        
        1- Design Assessments
        2- Choose a Course Format
        3- Create an Instructional Strategy
        
        Dick and Carey outlined five major learning components:
        
        1- Preinstructional Activities
        2- Content Presentation
        3- Learner Participation
        4- Assessment
        5- Follow-Through Activities
        
        Implementation :silhouette:
        
        ''A procedure for training the facilitators and the
        learners is developed'' (Stansberry, 2018).
        
        1- Train the Instructor
        2- Prepare the Learners
        3- Arrange the Learning Space
        
        Development :check:
        
        ''Developers create and assemble the content assets that were created in the design phase'' (Stansberry, 2018).
        
        1- Create a Sample
        2- Develop the Course Materials
        3-Conduct a Run-through
        
        Evaluation :checkered_flag:
        
        ''Both formative and summative assessments are planned for'' (Stansberry, 2018).
        
        1-Formative Evaluation
        
        A. One-to-one Evaluation
        B. Small Group Evaluation
        C. Field Trial Evaluation
        
        2-Summative Evaluation
        Purpose of the summative evaluation is to prove the worth of the instruction after it is completed.
        
        Kirkpatrick’s model outlines four types of outcomes to evaluate:
        A. Reaction
        B. Learning
        C.Behavior
        D.Results
    - - Analyze Learners :silhouettes:
        
        ''The first step in planning is to identify the learners. You must know your students to select the best medium to meet the objectives. The audience can be analyzed in terms of general characteristics, specific entry competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes about the topic), and learning style'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Several important factors:
        
        General Characteristics
        
        ''Even a superficial analysis of learner characteristics can provide helpful leads in selecting instructional methods and media'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Example: They are 12-13 years old. 11 of them are girls, and 15 of them are boys. There is no one who has mental or physical problems.
        
        Specific Entry Competencies
        
        ''When you begin to plan any lesson, your first assumption is that the learners lack the knowledge or skills you are about to teach and that they possess the knowledge or skills needed to understand and learn from the lesson. These assumptions are often mistaken'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Example: They can describe people and objects. They can give recommendations, make comparison, and talk about their feelings. They can talk about their habits and daily works.
        
        Learning Styles
        
        ''Learning style refers to a cluster of psychological traits that determine how an individual perceives, interacts with, and responds emotionally to learning environments'' (Heinich, et al.,2002).
        
        Example: Visual, verbal, tactile, auditory.
        
        Perceptional preferences and strengths
        
        Information processing habits
        
        Motivational factors
        
        Psychological factors
      - State Standarts & Objectives :star:
        
        ''The next step is to state the objectives as specifically as possible. The objectives may be derived from a course syllabus, stated in a textbook, taken from a curriculum guide, or developed by the instructor. They should be stated in terms of what the learner will be able to do as a result of instruction. The conditions under which the student or trainee is going to perform and the degree of acceptable performance should be included'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        ''Why should you state instructional objectives? First, you must know your objectives in order to make appropriate selection of methods and media. Knowing your objectives will also commit you to create a learning environment in which the objectives can be reached'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        ABCD of learning objectives
        
        Audience
        
        Example: English language learners.
        
        Behavior
        
        Example: Name 5 extreme sports.
        
        Conditions
        
        Example: After watching a movie scene students will fill in the blanks.
        
        Degree
        
        Example: After watching movie scenes, students should answer question with at least %80 accuracy.
        
        Examples:
        ● Students state the countries and nationalities via flags and national dresses (flashcards).
        
        ● Students place the primary stress on the correct syllable while pronouncing countries and nationalities when modeled by the teacher.
        
        ● Students draw personal information about other people such as where they are from and what nationalities they are when they listen to texts delivered slowly.
        
        ● Students identify the meanings of personal possessions.
        
        ● Students ask questions about people’s nationalities, and home countries using the key phrases and questions.
        
        ● Students answer the questions about people’s nationalities, and home countries.
      - Select Strategies :check:
        
        ''A systematic plan for using media and technology certainly demands that the methods, media, and materials be selected systematically in the first place. The selection process has three steps:
        1-Deciding on the appropriate method for the given learning tasks.
        2-Choosing a media format that is suitable for carrying out the method.
        3-Selecting, modifying, or designing specific materials. within that media format''
        (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Selecting Avaible Materials
        
        Involving the Media/ Technology Specialist
        
        Surveying the Sources
        
        The Instructor's Personal File
        
        Modifying Existing Materials
        
        Designing New Materials
        
        Examples: Communicative Language Teaching, matching activity, pair work,
        question and answer.
      - Utilize Technology & Media Materials :warning:
        
        ''The general principles have remained remarkably constant. The main difference has to do with who is using the materials. The increased availability of media and the philosophical shift from teacher-centered to student-centered learning in- creases the likelihood that students will be using the materials themselves as individuals or in small groups rather'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        1- Preview the materials and practice the implementation
        2- Prepare the Materials
        3- Prepare the environment -class- and ready the necessary equipment and facilities.
        4- Prepare the Learners
        5- Provide the Learning Experience
        
        Media
        
        People
        
        Visual
        
        Audio
        
        Materials
        
        Teacher, smartboard, whiteboard, flashcards, coursebook, audio track, projector.
      - Require Learner Participation :silhouette:
        
        To be effective, instruction should require active mental engagement by learners. There should be activities that allow learners to practice the knowledge or skills and to receive feedback on the appropriateness of their efforts before being formally assessed.
        Practice may involve student self-checks, computer-assisted instruction, Internet activities, or group games. Feedback may be provided by the teacher, a computer, other students, or self-evaluation.
        
        Example:
        Which sports do you usually do?
        How often do you play football?
        Where are you from?
      - Evaluate & Revise :recycle:
        
        ''After instruction, it is necessary to evaluate its impact and effectiveness and to assess student learning. To get the total picture, you must evaluate the entire instructional process'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Assesment of Learner Achievement
        
        Evaluation of Methods and Media
        
        Evaluation of Instructor
        
        Example: The teacher analyzes the students' performance on the summative test and project.
      - ''The ASSURE model focuses on planning surrounding the actual classroom use of media and technology'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
    - - ''At its core, this model is all about the relationship between educational content, context, learning behavior, and instructional technique'' (Pappas,2015).
        This model is goal centered and takes into consideration the learners and their prior knowledge.
        
        Steps:
        1- Identify goals and objectives.
        2- Complete instructional analysis.
        3- Determine entry behaviors and learner characterics.
        4- Write performance objectives.
        5- Develop criterion-referenced eLearning assessments.
        6- Develop the instructional eLearning strategy.
        7- Choose learning materials and online activities.
        8- Carry out formative evaluation.
        9-Carry out summative evaluation.
        10- Revise instruction.
- - - - Indicates the learners.
        
        Example: Beginners/Elementary class
    - - ''The heart of the objective is the verb describing the new capability that the audience will have after the instruction'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Example: Students will identify the flags in English.
    - - ''A statement of objectives should include the conditions under which the performance is to be observed'' (Heinich, et al., 2002).
        
        Example: After listening to and repeating words related to countries in a recording.
    - - ''The degree describes the level of mastery the student must demonstrate to indicate he/she successfully mastered the objective'' (A.B.C.D of Learning Objectives).
        
        Example: By answering at least 6 out of 10 comprehension questions correctly.