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Relational styles across cultures. - Coggle Diagram
Relational styles across cultures.
The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective Lydia Johnson Chapter 6
The family is the basic unit of all cultures, and every culture helps to define what a healthy family is, how it behaves, what its expectations are, and what role each person is expected to play within the family system. p 51
Even in Western counseling practice, it has been recognized in recent years that one cannot
effectively counsel anyone without attending to his or her family dynamics and expectations. p 51
Culturally blended: multicultural societies in which growing numbers of families consist of some individuals who have become at least partially assimilated into the dominant (adopted) culture, while other family members remain more embedded in a foreign culture of origin. p 51
A number of researchers in the field of cross-cultural family counseling have stressed the importance of attending both to the intercultural dimension (differences in family norms between cultures) and the intracultural dimension (cultural differences within a family). p 52
Dynamics of family accommodation: levels of acculturation, bilingualism p 52
Joint Family: parents arrange the marriages of their children, and marriage is viewed
as a contract between two families. p 53
Major stumbling-block in the lack of openness in
communication in many Indian families p 54
Extremely important for the counselor to focus on
trust-building within the family and to encourage family members to begin to speak more freely p 54
To take into account the common problem of
low self-esteem amongst Indians p 54
Ways must be found to encourage the expression of feelings, while respecting the fact that some cultural norms may militate against that expression. Caregivers must provide a safe space in which all family members can be respected and heard. p 54
Christian understanding of the family: “justice based on equality, fidelity defined by covenant, and intimacy expressed in
loving encounter.” p 56
We can discover “family” in the church. p 56
“Family” is our most
intimate network of mutual love, those persons to whom we can turn for acceptance, understanding, reconciliation, and
forgiveness. p 56
We must take into account the fact that cultural shifts
are occurring almost everywhere in the world, and that these shifts affect and often place great stress on families today. p 56
How to Leverage Our Definitions of Identity and Purpose Rosinski Chapter 6
Doing: It demands the kind of activity that is focused on achievements that are
measurable by external standards. p 105
Doing stresses tasks and visible achievements. p 106
Being: A high quality of life is not only, or even primarily, measured by career advancement but by personal growth. p 106
Relationship/Task p 106
Internal/External p 106
Individualistic: People identify primarily with self, and the needs of the individual are satisfied before those of the group. p 110
Collectivistic: The primary group, usually the immediate family, is the smallest unit of survival. One's identity is in large part a function of one's membership and role in a group. p 110
How to Leverage Organizational Arrangements Rosinski Chapter 7
Hierarchy: Society and organizations must be socially stratified to function properly.
Constructive politics p 123
Equality: People are equals who often happen to play different roles.
Universalist: All cases should be treated in the same universal manner. Adopt common processes for consistency and economies of scale.
need to understand cultural limitations p 128
Particularist: Emphasize particular circumstances. Favor decentralization and tailored solutions.
Stability: Value a static and orderly environment. Encourage efficiency through systematic and disciplined work. Minimize change and ambiguity, perceived as disruptive.
Change: Value a dynamic and flexible environment. Promote effectiveness through adaptability and innovation. Avoid routine, perceived as boring.
Competitive: Promote success and progress through competitive stimulation.
Collaborative: Promote success and progress through mutual support, sharing of best practices and solidarity.
How to Leverage Our Notions of Territory and Boundaries Rosinski Chapter 8
Protective: Protect yourself by keeping personal life and feelings private (mental boundaries), and by minimizing intrusions in your physical space (physical boundaries).
Sharing: Build closer relationships by sharing your psychological and physical domains . p 141
Intimacy distance
Psychological space p 142
Self-disclose
Ask for feedback
When giving feedback:
Describe the context, the behavior, and its impact.
Focus on what is changeable.
Refrain from giving advice, proffering judgments, or proposing a psychological interpretation.
Be honest.
Balance negative feedback with positive feedback over time. pp 146-147
When receiving feedback:
Consider the feedback a gift.
Seek to understand, not to agree, justify, or defend.
Listen, ask probing questions, and reformulate. p 148