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Social class and crime - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Can't explain white collar crimes as they don't get a label
      - Doesn't explain reasons for their primary deviance
      - Individuals have free will / autonomy so are not always determined by their label
      - Ignores structural factors (class, gender, poverty)
      - Too deterministic as individuals can reject their label
  - - - Females are more likely to be in poverty (glass ceiling, sexism, gender pay gap - 14.3%)
      - Can’t explain why most W/C people don’t commit crime (however, they argue it is false class consciousness)
      - Doesn’t explain why crime is mainly a male activity
  - - - Not a product of status frustration
      - Maffesoli - neotribes are not necessarily subcultures formed, as the identities are not focused but more choice and flexibility
      - Part of the W/C culture to do these crimes / defend yourself
      - Miller’s focal concerns
  - - - CCCS - W/C join subcultures as a resistance to capitalism
      - Young men are the weakest point in capitalism - no family, no job, so freedom to join subcultures
      - Relevant to contemporary society - institutional racism, marginalisation, selective law enforcement, stop and search
    - - Romanticises crime
      - Left Realist - criminals that should be punished, so shouldn’t just focus on why they commit crime
      - Robot Hood philosophy - ‘steal from the rich, give to the poor’
      - Carmen - women continue to be left out of discussions about crime
      - McRobbie - young female subcultures are completely ignored
      - Gender blind - ignores female delinquents and subcultures
  - - - Assumes that everyone has the same values
      - Some religions don’t have material goals
      - Taylor - can’t explain white collar crime, non-utilitarian crime, crimes committed by those who don’t experience strain, victimless crime
  - - - Consumerism was a cornerstone of the riots
      - Seen through looting, theft, and how much was stolen
      - Lewis et al looked the London riots (2011)
    - - Relies too much on official statistics (dark figure of crime, less valid)
      - Ignores institutional racism
      - Ignores white collar crime
      - However, Lea and Young argue that institutional racism has a minimal impact on statistics
  - - - Double deviance - seen as unnatural for women to commit crime
      - Mooney - 'not a single scrap of evidence' to say that this is true
      - Everyone is flirting with the boundaries of what is acceptable
      - Too much of a 'common sense appeal'
      - Katz and Lyng 'edgework' - crime can be committed for the thrill of it
      - Solutions are too simplistic and not possible, eg. removal of the welfare state
  - - - Eg. Harold Shipman, fertility doctor
      - Doesn't explain why some individuals have weaker bonds than others
      - Can have tight bonds and not commit crime
      - Deterministic - doesn't explain why those with weaker bonds don't always commit crime