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Research, reasearch - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a coefficient of 0.00 means there is no correlation
      - a coefficient of 1.00 means there is a perfect, positive correlation
      - a coefficient of -1.00 means there is a perfect, negative correlation
- - - - limitation
        
        may produce findings that cannot be as readily applied to everyday life.
      - strength
        
        extraneous variables less of a problem so replication becomes easier
  - - - strength
        
        natural observations tend to have high external validity as findings can often be generalised to everyday life.
      - limitation
        
        the lack of control over the research situation makes replication of the investigation difficult
  - - - strength
        
        because participants don't know that they are being watched it removes the problem of demand characteristics
      - limitation
        
        the ethics of the study may be questioned because participants cannot give consent because they dont know they being watched
  - - - strength
        
        the researcher themselves can experience the situation this may increase insight into the lives of the people being studied. this may increase the eternal validity of the findings
      - limitation
        
        there is a risk that the researcher may come to identify too strongly with those in the study and lose objectivity, this then can create bais
  - - - strength
        
        more ethical than covert
      - limitation
        
        chance for demand characteristics
  - - - strength
        
        allows researcher to maintain phycological distance for their participants so there is less chance for bias
      - limitation
        
        they may lose the valuable insight that might be gained in a participant observation as they are to far removed from the people and behavior they are studying
- - - - lab experiments have high control over extraneous variables.
    - - lab experiments may lack generalizability.
    - - an experiment that takes place in a controlled environment within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV, whilst maintaining strict control of extraneous variables
  - - - higher mundane realism the lab experiments because the environment is more natural.
    - - ethical issues because participants are unaware they are being studied and as a result they cannot give consent
    - - an experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV
  - - - natural experiments provide opportunities for research that may not otherwise be undertaken for practical or ethical reasons
    - - a naturally occurring event may only happen very rarely, reducing the opportunities for research
    - - an experiment where the change in the IV is not brought about by the researcher but would have happened even if the research had not been there. the researcher records the effect of a DV they have decided on
  - - - can be replicated so they can be more reliable
    - - in both quasi-experiments and natural experiments, the IV is not deliberately changed by the researcher and therefore we cannot claim that the IV has caused any observed change
    - - a study that is almost an experiment but lacks key ingredients. The IV has not been determined by anyone - the "variables" simply exist, such as being old or young. strictly speaking, this is not an experiment
- - - - semi-structured interviews
        
        many interviews are likely to fall in-between unstructured or structed. there are a list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers are also free to ask follow-up questions.
      - structured interviews
        
        structured interviews are made up of a pre-determined set of questions that are asked in a fixed order. basically this is like a questionarie but conducted face-to-face or over the phone/internet in real time.
      - unstructured interviews
        
        an unstructured interview works a like a conversation. there are no set questions. there is a general aim that a certain topic will be discussed, and interaction tends to be free-flowing. the interviewee is encouraged to expand and elaborate their answers as prompted by the interviewer
      - definition
        
        a "live" encounter where one person asks a set of questions to assess an interviewee's thoughts and/or experiences. the questions may be pre-set (as in a structured interview) or may develop as the interview goes along (unstructured interview)
  - - - A set of written questions used to assess a person's thoughts and/or experiences
    - - an open question does not have a fixed range of answers and respondents are free to answer in any way they wish. Open questions tend to produce qualitative data that contains a wide range of different responses but may be difficult to analyse
    - - A closed question offers a fixed number of responses. for example answering yes or no or giving a number on a scale like 1-10. closed questions tend to produce quantitative data. quantitative data like this is usually easy to analyse but it may lack depth and detail associated with open questions.
- - - - The method used to select people from the population
    - - Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
    - - Every Nth member of the target population is selected. e.g. every 5th person on a school register.
    - - This method produces a representative sample because it is designed to accurately reflect the composition of the population. This means that generalization of findings become possible
    - - The sampler selects participants from whoever is available
    - - Volunteer sampling (self-selecting) consists of participants becoming part of the study because they volunteer or select themselves in response to an advert
- - - - how consistent the measure is when used across participants or times
    - - how consistent a measure is in itself
- - - - controlling demand characteristics
        
        single blind design
        
        the participants is unaware of which condition they are in or the research aims. this prevents the participants from seeking clues about the aims and reacting to them
        
        deception
        
        lying about the aims of the study and / or using distracting questions
  - - - double blind design
        
        both the participant and the person conducting the experiment are blind to the aims and / or hypothesis also the experimenter may be unaware which variable the participants are involved in