Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

DRUGS FOR DIABETES MELLITUS image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - α (or alpha)
        
        Secrete GLUCAGON
        
        Increases the hepatic glucose output and blood glucose concentration by stimulating gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver, and promoting glycogenolysis, the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
      - β (or beta)
        
        secrete INSULIN
        
        Promotes the uptake, utilization,
        and storage of glucose in the liver in a form of glycogen hence reduce glucose plasma concentration.
      - δ (or delta)
        
        Secrete SOMATOSTATIN
        
        Inhibitor hormone
      - F cells
        
        Secrete PANCREATIC PEPTIDE
        
        facilitate digestive processes
  - - - When a person eat, the blood glucose level will increase in 30 minutes after starting a meal. and insulin will be released SUFFICIENTLY & IMMEDIATELY
        
        1-2 hours after meal the blood glucose level will return to NORMAL.
        
        As blood glucose level increases, glucose will bind to the receptor on plasma membrane of Beta cells causes the release of Insulin
        
        Insulin binds to plasma membrane receptors on skeletal and heart muscle and adipose tissue allowing glucose into the cell causing blood sugar level to REDUCE.
- - - - Bind to receptors located in adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles to regulate and metabolize blood glucose
        
        The nerves, red blood cells, kidney and the lens of the eye DO NOT require insulin for glucose transport.
      - 4 TYPES
        
        Rapid-acting
        
        very fast onset, short duration
        
        Dispensed as clear solutions at neutral pH and contain small amount of zinc to improve stability and shelf life
        
        Short-acting
        
        rapid onset of action
        
        Intermediate-acting
        
        dispensed as a turbid suspension at neutral pH with protamine in phosphate buffer.
        
        Long acting
        
        slow onset of action
        
        Insulin glargine and insulin detemir are
        clear, soluble long-acting insulins.
      - COMBINATION OF SHORT-ACTING
        AND LONG-ACTING INSULIN
        
        Short-acting insulin covers the spikes in blood glucose after meals
        
        long-acting insulin provides a steady baseline level of insulin to control blood glucose between meals and overnight
    - - co-secreted by the pancreas beta cells due to food intake and blood glucose concentration.
        
        Slows gastric emptying and
        suppresses glucagon secretion resulting in reduce postprandial glucose absorption and output from liver by glucagon
        
        Eg: Pramlintide
        combination treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs.
    - - peptide hormones secreted
        from the duodenum
        
        stimulate insulin secretion from Beta Cell, inhibit glucagon secretion and delays stomach emptying time so absorption is distributed over longer time.
        This avoids hyperglycemic peaks.
        
        Eg: Exenatide
        an incretin mimetic which activates the incretin receptor (GLP-1 agonist)
  - - - Cause the release of insulin and not for DM I
        
        E.g: Glibenclamide
    - - Inhibit α-glucosidase so that glucose absorption is delayed, the blood glucose level after meals does not immediately peak.
        
        E.g: Acarbose
    - - Decreasing liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption.
        
        E.g: Metformin
    - - INSULIN SENSITIZER
        Enhance peripheral cell response to insulin, allowing glucose to be utilized more efficiently
        
        E.g: Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone
    - - Prevent the metabolism of incretin hormone by
        inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4)
        
        E.g: Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin
  - - - Available in subcutaneous injections