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Cross-Cultural Communication - Coggle Diagram
Cross-Cultural Communication
Communication Patterns across cultures (Rosinski 2003, 153-176)
High vs. Low Context
High Context (Johnson 2011, 74-75)
"High-context peoples value long-established traditions and those in authority who maintain the tradition, such that change happens very slowly and is widely resisted." (Johnson 2011, 74-75)
Collectivity over individualism
Communication: information is internalized, indirect, great use of symbols and metaphors
Low Context (Johnson 2011, 75)
"Low-context peoples, in contrast, are highly individualistic and, since they therefore 'don't expect to share a common context' with others when they communicate, they 'put most of the information in the transmitted message in order to make up for what is missing in the context.'" (Johnson 2011, 75)
Have internal context, but are less aware of it
Often apply what is perceived as universal rules but is actually cultural context onto others
No great distinction between insider and outsider
More open towards others/changes
More difficulty adapting to other context in the long run
Direct vs. Indirect
Direct (Rosinsi 2003, 161)
Person says exactly what they mean
People from cultures with direct communication appreciate clear and straightforward messages
Indirect (Rosinski 2003, 161)
People from indirect culture prefere to imply things but not say them directly
Aim is to not hurt peoples feelings or make them feel ashamed
Keeping face is important
Lots of metaphors, symbols, hints etc.
Affective vs. Neutral
Affective (Rosinski 2003, 165)
Less focus on precision of communication and more with maintaining a good relationship with the other
Expression of emotions is valued
Neutral
"Objectivity, facts, logic, and a cool head are valued in a neutral culture. Emotional pleas or expressions of feelings carry little weight and are considered 'soft'" (Rosinski 2003, 165)
Formal vs. Informal
Formal (Rosinski 2003, 168)
Codes of conduct
Titles and honorifics (Thailand "Kuhn Theresa" for people of authority/higher rank)
polite forms of speech (German "Siezen" of strangers and people of authority)
Informal (Rosinski 2003, 168)
informal pronouns (such as English "you")
"Informal cultures see formalities, social conventions, and customs as unnecessary and prefer casual, relaxed, and spontaneous conduct."
Modes of Thinking across cultures (Rosinski 2003, 177-191)
Deductive vs. Inductive
Deductive: "Emphasize concepts, theories, and general principles. Then, through logical reasoning, derive practical application and solutions." (Rosinski 2003, 177)
Inductive: "Start with experiences, concrete situations, and cases. Then, using intuition, formulate general models and theories." (Rosinski 2003, 177)
Analytical vs. Systemic
Analytical: "Separate a whole into its constituent elements. Dissect a problem into smaller chunks." (Rosinsi 2003, 177)
Systemic: "Assemble the parts into a cohesive whole. Explore connections between elements and focus on the entire system." (Rosinski 2003, 177)
Non-verbal Communication across cultures (Fontes 2008; Johnson 2011)
Ways of non-verbal communication (Fontes 2008, 80-110)
Gestures
Greeting and Leave Taking
Showing Attentiveness
Posture
Gait
Communicating with Eyes
Expressing emotions
Touch
Smiling and Laughing
Clothing and other external features like Tattoos
Purposes of non-verbal communication (Fontes 2008, 81)
expressing emotion
conveying interpersonal attitudes
presenting one's personality
supplementing speech
Difference in non-verbal Communication based on type of culture: Polychronic vs. Monochronic Cultues (Johnson 2011, 82)
Polychronic Cultures (Johnson 2011, 82)
contact culture
preferes closer distance to others when communicating
more body movements while communicating (gestures etc.)
Less time-oriented
Examples: Mediterranean, Arabic, Semitic cultures
Monochronic Cultures (Johnson 2011, 82)
Non-contact or low-contact culture
more distance to others while communicating
less body movements
more time-oriented
Examples: Japan, Germany, USA, UK
Communicating cross-culturally in counseling (Johnson 2011, 71-91)
Identifying barriers of communication on the following levels (Johnson 2011, 72):
Language
non-verbal patterns
accepted modes and theories of communication
customs and rituals
physical appearance
notions of status and authority
belief systems
concepts of (un)acceptable behavior
conventions of meeting and greeting
gender expectations
preconceived attitudes towar the other's culture
Contexting as Bridge (Eric Law's model in Johnson 2011, 74)
erect the building blocks of a common context
cultivate qualities for cross-cultural communication: humilty, flexibility, creativity, openness, curiosity, relilience, caution, patience, and tolerance
Approach (Johnson 2011, 76-77):
adequat contexting time for each side
helping both sides explore the own communication style
inviting both parties to express themselves authentically
provide times for the sub-groups to meet and share context seperately form other party
use other way of communication besides words (like pictures)
3 screens/filters to apply to cross-cultural communication in counseling according to Wolfgang & Waxer (Johnson 2011, 81)
What can we learn about client's culture?
What can we learn about the presenting situation as defined by the client through the lens of his or her cultural worldview?
What does the client communicate as a unique individual?
Experimental Approach for decoding non-verbal communication in cross-cultural counseling (Johnson 2011, 81-82)
observe the other person very closely to find out which non-verbal behaviors are perceived as positiv vs. negative