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Networking Fundamentals - Coggle Diagram
Networking Fundamentals
Network Classifications
LAN
WAN
SAN
CAN
MAN
PAN
VLAN
SD-WAN
Equipment
Suppliers: Nokia (Alcatel), Cisco, Huawei
Corporate and Data Centre Infrastructure
Cloud Computing
Virtualised Networks
SD-WAN
mGRE
Switches
Routers
Key Concepts
OSI Model (7 Layers)
Encapsulation
Physical Layer
Cables
Fiber Optic
Twisted Pair
RJ45
Data Link Layer
Protocols
MAC Address
Network Layer
IP Addressing
IPv4
IPv6
18 Quintillion
Shorthand
Tunneling
E.g. VPN
Or an IPv6 packet can be tunnelled within an IPv4 packet where needed
Encapsulating information and routing it in a way that enables it to get around a restriction
Dual Stack
Stateless Address Auto-Config
SLAAC
Subnet Mask
CIDR Notation
Network Portion
Host Portion
Unicast vs Multicast
Loopback addresses
SRC and DEST addresses
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Translates human readable domain names into IP addresses
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Automatically assigns and recycles IP addresses on a network
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Hides internal IP addresses of a local network and allows them to share a
single
public IP address on the internet
You can restructure your local network without it affecting how the wider internet can reach your network
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Domain Layers
Top Layer Domain: .com, .gov
Third Level Domain: www.
Second Level Domain: google.com
Fourth Level Domain:
www. in:
www.engineers.university.com
Transport Layer
TCP
3 Way Handshake
Initialises the connection
SYN Message
SYN-ACK
ACK
2 ways to end a conversation
4-way disconnect
FIN
FIN-ACK
FIN
FIN-ACK
TCP reset:
RST sent from either client, server, or firewall
-> instant disconnection
UDP
Transport Layer Addressing:
Server port numbers:
Well-known: 0 -1023
Registered: 1024- 49,151
Client Port Numbers
49,152 - 65,535
Ephemeral (temporary)
Session Layer
Application Layer
HTTP
Authentication Protocols
LDAP (Port 389)
LDAPs (Port 636)
DHCP (Port 67/68)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DNS (Port 53)
DNS over HTTPS (Port 443)
SSH/TLS (Port 22)
Telnet (Port 23)
Data Transfer Protocols
HTTP (Port 80)
HTTPs (Port 443)
Email
POP3 (Port 110/995)
Retrieving mail
Post Office Protocol
IMAP (Port 143/993)
Retrieving mail
SMTP (Port 25/465)
Sending Mail
SNMP (Port 161/162)
Simple Network Management Protocol
Types of Connection
E3 (T3)
ISDN
E1 (T1)
Decimal to Hex
Why?
Can represent larger numbers in hex more easily than decimal or binary
Decimal: 20,000 = Hex: 4E20
Network Topologies
Bus
Star
Ring
Hybrid