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Biodegradation and bioremediation - Coggle Diagram
Biodegradation and bioremediation
Bioremediation strategies
In situ bioremediation
Bioventing; Involves supplying air and nutrients into the contaminated soil through wells to stimulate indigenous bacteria. Employs low air rates, providing only oxygen amounts required for biodegradation, this increases oxygen content on the sub-surface and promotes oxidation reactions, while minimizing volatilization and the release of contaminants into the atmosphere. WORKSFOR SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS.
Biosparging: Involves injecting air under pressure below water table, to inrease groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biodegradation by the indigenous community. Biosparging increases mixing in the saturated zone thus, increasing contact between soil and groundwater.
In situ biodegradation; Involves supplying oxygen and nutrients through circulating aqueous solutions in contaminated soil to stimulate the degradation of ORGANIC contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria. It can be used for soil and groundwater. Includes techniques like infiltration of water-containing nutrients and oxygen or other electron acceptors into groundwater.
Mycoremediation; technique uses fungal material (mycelium) to accumulate and degrade contaminants to remediate soils and groundwater. Mycelia delivers enzymes that breakdown the contaminants- reaction is extracellular. Effective in breaking down petroleum hydrocarbons and some chlorinated compounds. Heavy metals can also bioaccumulate in fungi and the contaminants can be removed during harvesting. Mycelium-treated substrate (wood chips or straw) are spread over contaminated soil, the mycelium then produces enzymes that break down the contaminants over time.
Bioaugmentation
Ex situ bioremediation
Land farming: contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed which is then periodically tilled until contaminants/pollutants are degraded. The goal is to stimulate the biodegradative microorganisms and facilitate their aerobic degradation of contaminants. REDUCED monitoring, maintenance costs and clean up liabilities.
Composting: involves combining contaminated soil with non-harzadous organic amendments such as manure or agri-waste.The presence of these organic materials supports the development of a rich microbial population and elevated temp characteristic of composting.
Biopiles: a hybrid of landfarming and composting. Essentially, engineered cells are constructed as aerated composted piles. TREATMENT OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION WITH HYDROCARBONS. Refined version of landfarming that controls physical losses of contaminants by leaching and volatilization. Biopiles provide favorable environments for indigenous microbes.
Bioreactors; Bioremediation in reactors involve the processing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered containment system. Containment environment is more manageable, controllable and predictable. Contaminated soil requires pre-treatment or contaminant be stripped out by washing or physical extraction.
Metal bioleaching: Microbial recovery and of metals
Phytoremediation
Phytotranspiration
Rhizodegradation
Phytostabilization
Phtyotransformation/Phytodegradation
Rhizofiltration
Phytoaccumulation/Phytoextraction
Phytomining