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exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Follows relatively high to low moisture level
        From less negative to more negative water potential
      - Water remains unbroken due to cohesion of water molecules
        
        Cohesion due to water polarity
        
        Adhesion along cell walls helps to fight gravity
    - - Tension is on these molecules, and consequently, the pressure potential is a negative number.
      - H2O in the uppermost tracheary elements must lift the weight of the entire H2O column.
      - As H2O diffuses out of xylem in the leaves, cohesive forces pull H2O upward through the xylem, all the way from the roots.
  - - - Water passes through endodermis, filtering solution, preventing embolism and foreign invaders
- - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
  - - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
- - - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
      - Pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
  - - - Heterospory
        
        Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
        
        Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
        
        Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
        
        Survival of 1 megaspore
        
        Endosporic megagametophyte
        
        Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
        
        Embryo develop within megagametophyte
- - - - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
      - Sepals, sterile
      - Petals, sterile
      - Stamens, male fx
      - Carpels, female fx
    - - Hermaphroditic = perfect
  - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
      - 2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
      - 5+ carpels
- - - - Color
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        Color requires resource -Omit when unnecessary
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Signal to pollinators Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals: Benzaldehyde (almond),
        Linalool (lavender), Limonene (citrus), Beta ocimene (green)
      - Shape
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric like the sunflower for example
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular, Bilateral like a pea for example
      - Bloom time
        
        Diurnal - daytime
        
        Nocturnal - nighttime
      - Rewards
        
        Nectar, pollen, oil