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WEEK 13 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - How can systems thinking help take into account the interactions between diseases?
        
        How can systems thinking help identify bottlenecks and leverage points that can be used to improve population health?
        
        How can systems thinking help us develop strategies for multiple simultaneous interventions?
        
        How can systems thinking help us look at processes as a whole to better plan interventions?
  - - - important bottlenecks: addiction to nicotine, narrowed coronary arteries, and delays in reaching care after a motor vehicle injury
        
        important leverage points: exercise after relieving coronary artery stenosis, smoking cessation programs for pregnant women, and enforcement of alcohol and speeding laws
  - - - In the emerging systems thinking approach to food safety, a barcode details a food’s origin processing location, and time of production down to the level of the field or factory. This allows public health officials to trace the food back to where and when the problem occurred
        
        Community Health Assessment -
        a systematic examination of the health status indicators for a given population that is used to identify key problems and assets in a community. The ultimate goal of a community health assessment is to develop strategies to address the community’s health needs and identified issues. A variety of tools and processes may be used to conduct a community health assessment; the essential ingredients are community engagement and collaborative participation
- - - - Reductionist thinking - an approach to problem-solving that looks at each of the components of a problem one at a time
        
        Magic bullet or miracle cure approach -reductionist thinking has often been used in public health and medicine to search for the one-and-only answer to the why or etiology and the one-and-only answer to what should be done to improve an outcome
    - - Systems Analysis
        
        systems analysis - the process of implementing or operationalizing systems thinking requires tools for analyzing the pieces and understanding how they fit together
        
        When using systems analysis to understand disease and its outcomes, we need to start by identifying the most important influences on the outcome(s)
        
        Systems analysis attempts to take into account changes in the overall system that occur over time due to changes in one or more of the factors or influences
        
        Feedback loops - in systems analysis, the impact of changes in one influence or factor on other influences or factors in a positive (accentuating) or negative (dampening) direction
        
        The following summarizes the initial steps in a systems analysis:
        Step 1: Identify the key influences or interventions on an outcome such as disease or the outcome of disease
        Step 2: Indicate the relative strength of the impact of each of the influences or interventions
        Step 3: Identify how these influences or interventions interact or work together when more than one is present—for instance, do they add together, multiply their impact or, alternatively, interfere with each other
        
        Additional steps in systems analysis can be described as:
        Step 4: Identify the dynamic changes that may occur in a system by identifying the feedback loops that occur in the system
        Step 5: Identify bottlenecks that greatly limit the effectiveness of the system
        Step 6: Identify leverage points that provide opportunities to greatly improve outcomes
    - - A system is a series of interconnected parts that function as a whole. A heap is merely a collection of parts
        
        A system changes if you take away or add pieces; if you cut a system in half, you do not get two smaller systems: you get a system that will not function. A heap can be divided into pieces, each of which can function on its own
        
        In a system, the arrangement of the pieces is crucial, while in a heap, the arrangement is irrelevant
        
        In a system, the parts are connected and work together, while in a heap, the arrangement of the pieces is irrelevant
        
        The behavior of a system depends on its overall structure, while in a heap, size rather than structure determines behavior
      - Your body consists of many different parts and organs, each acting separately, yet all working together and each affecting the others
- - - - For each factor, we need to: Indicate the direction in which it operates; in other words, which way the arrow points and Indicate whether the factor operates to increase or accelerate a subsequent factor or outcome, which is indicated by a (+), or operates to decrease or dampen a subsequent factor or outcome, which is indicated by a (−)
        
        The strength or magnitude of the impact is indicated in these diagrams by the width of the arrow used
- - - - has become evident that environmental change, population growth, and economic disparities have accelerated the pace of spread of existing diseases
        
        It is now apparent that we need to take a new systems thinking approach to the relationship between humans, animals, and the ecosystem health
        
        The efforts of The One Health can be classified as Microbiological changes, Human population changes, and Ecosystem changes
        
        RNA virus - A virus that has ribonucleic acid as its genetic material
        
        RNA viruses are far more likely to produce mutations during their frequent replications since they do not have the same protective mechanism against copying or coding errors
        
        This high rate of mutation in RNA viruses is believed to enhance their ability to cross species lines, or cause spillover to other species such as humans