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IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNE TESTING - Coggle Diagram
IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNE TESTING
ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN IMMUNE TESTING: use known
antibodies to detect antigens
associated with infectious agent; or
uses antigens to detect specific antibodies
in patients blood to determine exposure
agglutination tests: occurs due to cross-linking of antibodies with antigens;
clumping of insoluble particles
; easy to see with unaided eye
hemagglutination: the agglutination of RBCs; used to determine blood type
neutralization tests: based on concept that antibodies can neutralize biological activity of many pathogens and their toxins
viral neutralization: ability of a virus to kill culture cells is neutralized when the virus is mixed with antibodies
cytopathic effect: phenomenon when viruses introduced into cell culture will invade and kill cells; absence indicates the presence of antibodies against virus
viral hemagglutination inhibition test: used for viruses that aren't cytopathic; based on ability of some viral surface proteins to clump RBCs; serum will stop agglutination if contains antibodies against specific virus
precipitation tests: one of the easiest; collection of
soluble molecules
; based on the idea that antigens and antibody mixed in the proper proportion form
precipitates
radical immunodiffusion: used to measure concentrations of antigens
antigen-antibody proportions: correct proportion are important; to ensure optimal concentrations, immunodiffusion is used
various tagged antibody tests: use antibody molecules linked to some "label" that enables them to be easily detected
ELISA: stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; uses enzyme as the label; enzyme produces colored product
antibody sandwich ELISA: modification of the ELISA technique
western blot test: technique for detecting antibodies against multiple antigens; less subject to misinterpretation
fluorescent antibody tests: uses fluorescent dyes as labels; linked to an antibody without affecting antibody ability to bind antigen
direct fluorescent antibody tests: identifies the presence of antigen in tissue; identify small numbers of bacteria in patient tissues
indirect fluorescent antibody tests: used to detect antigens in cells or tissues
complement fixation test: based on the generation of membrane attack complexes during complement activation that disrupt membranes; detect the presence of specific antibodies in serum; can detect small amount
IMMUNIZATION:
artificial
methods to make an individual immune to a disease
active immunization: vaccine that
actively mounts
a protective immune response in the patient
variolation:
inducing immunity by infecting individual with small amount of infectious material
; started in China with smallpox and spread to England; was stopped due to
risk of death
vaccination: process of inducing immunity by infecting an individual with a
weaker
or
inactive
form of causative agent
killed (inactivated) vaccine:
can be whole agent (deactivated) or subunit (antigenic fragments)
vaccines;
safer
than live vaccines cause they cannot replicate or mutate; must not alter antigens
do not stimulate herd immunity
whole agent vaccine may stimulate inflammatory response
antigenically weak since they don't reproduce nor provide the same antigenic molecules
make require multiple doses or the incorporation of an adjuvant; may produce allergic reaction or inflammation
adjuvant: substance that increases antigenicity
toxoid vaccine:
chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity
; useful for
bacterial
diseases; stimulate
antibody-mediated
immunity
attenuated (live) vaccine:
modified; uses pathogens that are living but with reduced virulence
; can result in mild infection; stimulate
strong immune response
; viral vaccines trigger
cell-mediated
immunity; provide herd immunity
attenuation: process of
reducing virulence
by...
often by raising them in tissues culture cells for which they aren't adapted; they lose ability to produce disease
culturing bacteria under unusual conditions or through genetic manipulation
may
retain enough virulence
to cause disease; especially in immunosuppressed individuals
modified viruses may
revert
to wild type or
mutate
to a virulent form
pregnant women shouldn't receive due to risk of the modified pathogen
crossing placenta
recombinant DNA techniques: used to make
improve vaccines
; attempt to make vaccines safer, cheaper, and more effective
anaphylactic shock:
allergic
reaction that may develop due to component of vaccine
mild toxicity:
most common problem
associated with vaccines; may cause pain at the injection site, malaise, or fever high enough to cause seizures
residual virulence: attenuated viruses occasionally cause
disease
in healthy individuals
passive immunization: patient acquires immunity through the
transfer of antibodies
formed by an immune individual
antiserum: serum removed from human or animal donors that have been infected with the disease;
contain preformed antibodies
contain antibodies against
many different antigen
s not just ones of interest
repeated injection collected from different species trigger
allergic
reactions
may be
contaminated
with viral pathogens
degrade
relatively quickly