The toxicity that social media incites presents itself as an inventory of “side-effects”, but the addiction, bullying, depression, negative self- -image, attention deficit, anger, social alienation, exploitative hierarchizing, political polarization, etc (SHELDON; RAUSCHNABEL; HONEYCUTT; 2019)
There are ways to circumvent singular identity safeguards so that a singular user can work multiple identities or accounts on a variety of social networking sites or a single site, or that a motivated coordinated organization can mo- bilize armies of sham, robotic accounts towards a unique end or goal and multiply the effects of influencing and manipulating large numbers of unsuspecting users by circulating vast numbers of postings containing disinformation, fake news, or outright lies as strategically coordinated poli- tical or public relations campaigns (ROMANOV; SEMENOV; MAZHELIS; VEIJALAINEN, 2017; PRICE et al., 2015).