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INNATE IMMUNITY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - perspiration: secreted by sweat glands; salt inhibits growth of pathogen by drawing water from cells; lysozyme destroys cell wall
      - sebum: secreted by sebaceous, oil, glands; keeps skin pliable and less likely to break/teat; lower pH of skin to inhibit bacteria
    - - epidermis: outer layer of multiple layers of tightly packed cells; few pathogens can penetrate layer; shedding dead cells removes microorganisms; epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens
      - dermis: contains protein fibers called collagen that give strength/pliability to resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms
- - - - serum: plasma without clotting factors
      - plasma proteins: complement proteins and antibodies
    - - erythrocytes: RBCs; carry oxygen and CO2 in the blood
      - platelets: involved in blood clotting
      - leukocytes: involved in defending the body against invaders
        
        granulocytes: contain large granules that stain different colors
        
        eosinophils: phagocytize pathogens; capable of diapedesis; increased number indicates allergies or parasitic worm infection
        
        neutrophils: phagocytize pathogens; capable of diapedesis; increased number indicates bacterial disease
        
        basophils: releases histamine, an inflammatory chemical
        
        agranulocytes: cytoplasm appears uniform
        
        leukocytes: mostly involved in specific immunity
        
        monocytes: leave the blood and mature into macrophages
        
        macrophages: phagocytic cells; attached to endothelial cells (lines all blood vessels), constitute mononuclear phagocytic system
        
        fixed macrophages: don't move throughout the body and often phagocytize within a specific organ
        
        alveolar macrophages: phagocytize with the lungs
        
        microglia: phagocytize within CNS
        
        langerhans cells: phagocytize within epidermis
        
        Küpffer cells: phagocytize within liver
        
        wandering macrophages: leave the blood via diapedesis and phagocytize throughout the blood
        
        extracellular killing: includes...
        
        eosinophils: attack parasitic helminths by attaching to surface and secreting toxin to weaken or kill them
        
        natural killer lymphocytes: secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors
  - - - alpha & beta: present in early infection
      - gamma: appears later in the course of infection
    - - punches hole in cytoplasmic membrane
      - interfere with internal signaling
      - interfere with protein that preserves shape of bacterial proteins
    - - classical pathway: originally discovered pathway; various proteins act nonspecifically to complement action of antibodies
      - alternate pathway: occurs independent of antibodies; less efficient than classical; useful in early stages of infection before antibodies are made