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Module 15: Cryptographic Services, Cracking Code - Coggle Diagram

- - - - This guarantees that the message is not a forgery and actually comes from the authentic source. Modern networks ensure authentication using hash message authentication code (HMAC).
      - There are two primary methods for validating a source in network communications: authentication services and data nonrepudiation services.
        
        Entering an ATM Authentication PIN
        
        In network communications, authentication can be accomplished using cryptographic methods. This is especially important for applications or protocols, such as email or IP, that do not have built-in mechanisms to prevent spoofing of the source.
    - - This guarantees that no one intercepted the message and altered it; similar to a checksum function in a frame. This is provided by implementing the SHA-2 or SHA-3 family of hash-generating algorithms.
      - Data integrity ensures that messages are not altered in transit. With data integrity, the receiver can verify that the received message is identical to the sent message and that no manipulation occurred.
        
        Wax Seal Ensuring Integrity
        
        European nobility ensured the data integrity of documents by creating a wax seal to close an envelope, as shown in the figure. The seal was often created using a signet ring. These bore the family crest, initials, a portrait, or a personal symbol or motto of the owner of the signet ring. An unbroken seal on an envelope guaranteed the integrity of its contents.
    - - This guarantees that if the message is captured, it cannot be deciphered. This is provided using symmetric or asymmetric encryption algorithms.
      - Data confidentiality ensures privacy so that only the receiver can read the message. This can be achieved through encryption. Encryption is the process of scrambling data so that it cannot be easily read by unauthorized parties.
        
        Encoded Caesar Cipher Message
        
        Using a hash function is another way to ensure data confidentiality. A hash function transforms a string of characters into a usually shorter, fixed-length value or key that represents the original string. The difference between hashing and encryption is in how the data is stored. With encrypted text, the data can be decrypted with a key.
- - - - Cryptanalysis is often used by governments in military and diplomatic surveillance, by enterprises in testing the strength of security procedures, and by malicious hackers in exploiting weaknesses in websites.
      - In the world of communications and networking, authentication, integrity, and data confidentiality are implemented in many ways using various protocols and algorithms. The choice of protocol and algorithm varies based on the level of security required to meet the goals of the network security policy.